Sports knife throwing
Moscow Department of Education
South-Western District Education Department
GBOU TsVR "Patriot"
KOLOSOV A.V. LUKASH I.I.
SPORTS KNIFE THROWING
(educational manual)
Moscow
2014
Introduction
Much to our regret, sport knife throwing in Russia, unlike Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy and a number of other countries, is not an officially recognized sport.
This discipline is being developed in several clubs, such as “Iron Age” (A. Yakovlev) in Samara, “Patriot” (A. Kolosov), “Freeknife” (S. Fedosenko), “Strong Hand” (V. Kovrov) in Moscow , “Stalker” (A. Morozov) in St. Petersburg and thanks to individual devotees: V. Chulkin (Omsk), A. Kharitonov (Nizhny Novgorod), A. Kharionovsky (Volgograd) and a number of others.
The sports federation that organizes and conducts the most representative official competitions in sports knife throwing in Russia (Russian Championships, World Championships) is the all-Russian sports federation “Universal Fight” - “Unifight” (President of the Federation - Olympic champion S. Novikov).
Therefore, when preparing this training manual, we relied on the Competition Rules and the experience of this particular federation.
At the same time, we cannot fail to mention the “Freeknife” federation, which also holds interesting competitions according to its own rules.
The lack of official recognition of the sport is the reason that today there is no coherent scientific and methodological base for this sports discipline in the country, there is no training for the coaching corps, and there are no teaching aids for teachers and students.
But quite serious competitions are held all over the world. Such as the World Championships, European Championships (according to different versions of the rules, both on our continent and on the American one).
The history of official competitions held by the “Universal Fight” sports federation is short, but it shows a steady trend towards growing popularity of this sports discipline. In 2000, the 1st Russian Championship was held, and in 2001, the International Amateur Sports Federation “Unifight” held the 1st World Championship in sports knife throwing, where medals were played at a single distance of 5 meters and F. Fazylov became the first world champion ( Russia). Since 2002, competitions have been held at distances of 5 and 7 m, and since 2006 - 5, 7 and 9 m. During this time, A. Yakovlev, V. Terentyev, A. Grebnev, A. Bryukhanov, M. Sedyshev became world champions ( Russia), O. Martynchuk (Belarus), Y. Bykov, E. Yagelavichyus (Lithuania), D. Achilov (Turkmenistan). Since 2008, the Women's World Championships have been held annually, where O. Savina, G. Chuvina, and A. Zholobova were recognized as champions.
Since 2006, the Russian Championships and the World Championships have been held for both boys and girls.
But at the same time, the problem is that not only in Russia, but also in other countries there is no unified system for sports knife throwing with children. But without children's sports, high-achievement sports cannot exist.
Our sports club “Patriot”, supported by the administration of the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow in the complex of military-patriotic education of children, eight years ago began to engage in this discipline, so this manual is some result of our work.
During this time, we were able to verify the positive impact of training in sports knife throwing on the child’s character, his physical and moral development. After all, the sport of knife throwing deserves to be on a par with sports such as archery, bullet shooting and others. And the results achieved by our students, who are already competing on equal terms with adults, required us to generalize all the results and make them systematic.
Thus, Alena Zholobova, who “grew up” in the club, is now the world champion among adults (her best results: 565 out of 600 possible at a distance of 3 meters, 16-year-old Denis Mikhailov also shows excellent results in the adult category (distance 5 m - 515 points out of 600 ), Ivan Zholobov.
Among young athletes, it is necessary to mention the successes of Damir Khasyanov (12 years old, 1st place at the World Championship), Alexander Korolev (12 years old, 1st place at the World Championship), Well, our youngest athlete is now 9 years old.
This manual is intended for those who work with young athletes, instilling in them a love for this wonderful and spectacular sport.
We would like to express special gratitude to those people, devotees from whom we learned a lot and took a lot for our work on this manual. These are Mukhtarbek Kantemirov, Tadeush Kasyanov, Vladimir Kovrov, Dmitry Melnikov, Andrey Yakovlev.
The popularity of this sport is growing; an increasing number of children are coming to practice in the sport knife throwing section. And we, of course, hope that in the near future the sport of knife throwing will be appreciated in Russia and will take its rightful place among other sports.
Chapter 1.
Types of knives for sports throwing and grip methods
1.1 Knives for sports throwing
The main type of knife for sports throwing is considered to be the “Universal Fight” model approved by the international amateur sports federation and certified by government agencies in 2010 - “Unifight – pro”.
This knife has the following technical characteristics: Total length 200 – 300mm; Blade length – 100 – 170mm; The thickness of the butt is 4-7mm.
In addition, various clubs use other types of knives, such as “Leader”, “Cantemir”, “Freeknifе”, etc.
We also use them when organizing the training process.
1.2 Ways to grip a knife
The grip of the knife is of decisive importance in imparting rotation speed in a clearly defined plane. For sports knife throwing, it is typical that the knife should be like an extension of the athlete’s hand. Unlike other throwing sports, when throwing with a knife, the fingers do not unclench, but, on the contrary, create optimal conditions for the free movement of the knife. This is where various types of grips emerge, providing the athlete with a stable and accurate throw.
The most common in sports practice is gripping the handle.
Its peculiarity is that the knife is clasped with three fingers that control two-thirds of the handle, which significantly reduces the friction force during descent, and is located in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the earth. In some cases, the knife can be controlled with two fingers (pinch grip).
The advantage of throwing with this grip is that the target area is minimally occupied when hitting, ensuring significant angles of hitting the target, which allows you to achieve high results in throwing.
The knife is placed in the hand so that it rests on the base of the thumb and is grasped by the phalanges of the thumb, middle and index fingers. The ring finger and little finger are clenched into a fist, which allows the hand to be in a fixed state, without tension.
With the correct grip, the knife continues the line of the hand and makes an angle of about 130-140 degrees with the line of the forearm. There is no particular difference in the position of the cutting edge of the knife - above or below.
The grip is used in a similar way when throwing by the blade, except that the cutting edge, with this grip, is directed inside the palm to avoid cuts.
Another grip used in sport knife throwing is the “flat” grip.
With this grip, the knife is placed in the palm in such a way that four fingers hold the handle or blade from below, and the base and knuckle of the thumb control the knife from above. You can read more about the features of this grip from T.R. Kasyanov. (Kasyanov, 2000)
In some throwing methods, you can find a grip with control of the index finger on the butt of the knife.
In conclusion, it can be noted that the athlete has the right to choose a grip that is convenient for him in order to achieve the highest sports results.
Chapter 2.
Organization of the training process
2.1 Lesson structure
Warm-up
Warm-up is an integral part of any training process. Its goal is to prepare the athlete’s body to cope with intense physical activity, prevent sports injuries, and develop initial motor and special physical skills. In sports knife throwing, as in any other sport, warm-up consists of general developmental and special preparatory exercises. In initial training groups, physical training should occupy the bulk of the class time, which helps prevent the occurrence of injuries in students.
Training stage | Time to warm up | Time for the main part of classes |
Basic training | 60 min. | 30 min. |
Educational and training | 30 – 40 min. | 50-60 min. |
Sports improvement | 20-30 min. | 60-70 min. |
Table 1
Physical training exercises can be given both in the warm-up and in the final part of the lesson. Due to the fact that the main load for throwers falls on the upper limbs, it is advisable in the final part of the lesson to include exercises to strengthen the shoulder girdle and osseous-ligamentous apparatus: all kinds of exercises on the horizontal bar, parallel bars and other gymnastic apparatus.
When planning a warm-up, and the entire workout as a whole, we must not forget that the gaming and competitive moment is especially important for children. Without prejudice, of course, to issues of discipline and ensuring the safety of classes.
2.1.2 General developmental exercises
Physical training is an integral part of general training in sports knife throwing at all stages of sports improvement, creating the basis for high results. Physical training includes exercises of general and special orientation.
The goal of general physical training (GPP) is to achieve high performance, good coordination of the activities of organs and systems of the body, and the harmonious development of the athlete.
General physical training in sports knife throwing should take into account the specifics of this sport and ensure the solution of the following tasks:
Strengthening health and nervous system;
Increasing the functional capabilities of the athlete’s body;
Prevention of injuries and strengthening of the joint-ligamentous apparatus, especially the shoulder girdle, elbow and wrist joints;
Increasing the vital capacity of the lungs, which can prevent oxygen starvation;
Active rest for the central nervous system.
General physical training exercises consist of simple elementary movements of the body and its parts that are accessible to everyone. The whole variety of general physical training exercises can be divided into several groups.
2.1.3 Exercises for the muscles of the hands and fingers.
Pressing your palms together, spread your elbows to the sides (palms press hard on each other);
Rotation of hands clenched into a lock;
Slowly squeezing a tennis ball or rubber ring with your fingers;
Rotation of the gymnastic stick around the axis of the wrist joint, externally and internally;
Focus on your fingertips, standing inclined towards the wall;
2.1.4 Exercises for the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle.
Lying push-ups;
Rotation of the arms at the elbow joint in different directions;
Circular rotation of the arms in the shoulder girdle in various directions;
Flexion, extension and rotation of arms with dumbbells weighing 0.5 kg.
Using a shoulder-width grip on a gymnastic stick, lowering your straight arms behind your back and back;
During the warm-up, typical exercises are used to warm up the legs, hip joints, neck, torso, etc. Running, walking, swimming, and any physical activity also have a beneficial effect on the athlete’s body.
2.2 Special preparatory exercises
Special physical training (SPT) is necessary for further improvement of motor qualities that underlie technical training. It is aimed at developing certain physical qualities of those muscle groups that are involved in the throwing exercise. The purpose of performing SPT exercises in the warm-up is to prepare the athlete for the main part of the training session. Having a knife in his hands, or performing an element of a throw without a knife, the athlete improves special motor qualities, the execution of individual elements of the throw and their coordination as a whole. All work on SFP is carried out without throwing, because it is necessary to focus on the work of individual muscle groups.
The SFP must solve the following tasks:
Training of strictly defined muscle groups;
Development of special qualities of a thrower: muscle sensations, coordination, accuracy, speed, strength and static endurance, balance, voluntary muscle relaxation, ability for extreme concentration, sense of time;
Increasing special resistance to long-term performance of homogeneous exercises.
In special physical training, the main teaching methods are: repeated method, dynamic effort method.
SPT may include the following exercises:
2.2.1 Exercises for the formation of speed and strength qualities.
To develop speed in throwers, it is most advisable to use exercises with weights (medicine balls weighing 1.5-5 kg, depending on the age of the children), which have a positive effect on increasing the “explosive” initial speed and the speed of the main part of the throwing movement. The following exercises can be used here:
throwing a medicine ball: - from behind the head forward - up;
Overhead back;
Pushing the ball forward from the chin;
Throwing from behind the head upward from a sitting position.
Throwing the ball back with both hands over the head.
Exercises can be performed either with a partner or independently.
Exercises with a tennis ball are effective for developing speed. They develop the ease, speed and precision associated with timing. These exercises are dynamic; they require the thrower to focus and respond quickly.
Standing opposite each other at a distance of 3-7 m, partners throw the ball with both their right and left hands. Catching the ball is a must. You can practice with the ball without a partner in front of the wall. Throws can also be made at a fixed target.
To improve the speed properties of the muscles that extend the arm in the throwing motion, it is advisable to use exercises using reverse traction - an expander or a rubber band. To do this, one end of the tourniquet is rigidly secured behind the athlete’s back, and he holds the other end in the fist of a bent hand and stretches the tourniquet, simulating a throwing movement.
In this case, the speed of arm extension will be regulated not only by the contraction of the muscles that extend it, but also by the pull of the tourniquet.
2.2.2 Exercises to develop throwing stability.
In knife throwing, the stability of the throw is of great importance - the ability to maintain the same speed and force of the throw for a long time. To develop this quality, an exercise with a baseball bat can be used. It is as follows. The athlete strikes with a baseball bat over the shoulder (repeating the throwing motion) at a car tire mounted on a special machine located at the level of the target. When performing the exercise, it is very important to strike with the same speed, force, and at a clearly defined pace. The blow is delivered in a vertical plane. In the final phase of the blow, it is necessary to ensure that the hand is firmly fixed, duringavoiding in the future unwanted “overshoot”, a dip in the wrist joint when the knife leaves the hand.
(Fig.9, Fig.10)
All special physical training exercises must be performed in series with a certain number of repetitions. The duration of the exercise should be at least one minute. Number of episodes – from 3 to 5.
2.2.3 Voluntary muscle relaxation exercises
The ability to voluntarily relax muscles is a prerequisite for accurate and stable throwing. Both training and competitive activities require athletes to be able to manage the level of muscle tension. In sports knife throwing, mastery of voluntary muscle relaxation is especially important, since performing a large number of uniform throwing movements and the presence of static work causes significant fatigue and loss of performance. Insufficiently developed ability to voluntarily relax muscles can lead to muscle tension, which will entail coordination tension. Excessive tension prevents you from making an accurate and consistent throw. This type of tension is typical for both beginners and more experienced knife throwers.
To master voluntary muscle relaxation you need to:
Move from tension to relaxation slowly; fast; contrasting;
Relax different muscle groups, sequentially;
Relax various muscle groups by passively swinging individual parts of the body;
Relax the muscles of the arms of the shoulder girdle, shaking, lowering your arms freely.
If a feeling of fatigue arises during a training session or when performing an exercise at a competition, the athlete must stop and quickly, without difficulty, relieve muscle tension by relaxing certain muscle groups. Relaxed muscles, having restored their performance, provide the athlete with the opportunity to continue throwing the knife at the target (perform the exercise).
Chapter 3.
Technical training (practical throwing)
The goal of technical training in sports knife throwing is to achieve high skill. A good result when performing scoring series is the result of the coordinated actions of the thrower, allowing for accurate and stable knife throws at the target one after another.
The throwing movement is a complex psychomotor action, the technique of which consists of the following elements: stance, grip and throw. In turn, the throw consists of three phases: the swing phase, the throwing movement, and the descent of the knife into the target.
The purpose of the swing is to provide initial acceleration (impulse) for the further flight of the knife. When swinging, the throwing arm is pulled back over the shoulder, bending at the elbow joint 90 - 100 degrees. The back bends, the center of gravity of the body shifts to the leg, which is the same as the throwing hand.
(Fig.11)
The throwing movement is an accelerated straightening of the arm with a simultaneous turn of the body towards the straightening arm and a push of the supporting leg.
(Fig. 12)
The body rotates around a vertical axis counterclockwise, with a simultaneous push from the support by the leg standing behind.In this case: a) the rotation of the body sets the initial speed of the hand performing the throw; b) the push with the leg creates additional torque for the torso and contributes to its better rotation. The direction of movement of the torso and arm must coincide, otherwise, according to the laws of mechanics, multidirectional forces will be subtracted, and the speed of movement of the arm will decrease.
The descent is the exit of the knife from the thrower’s hand, forming the flight path and the nature of the rotation of the knife.
3.1 Basic racks
Stance (ready position) - a pose taken by a thrower to perform a throw, when the relative positions of body parts provide balance and comfort.
In projection onto the horizontal plane, the stand can be:
Different names
(Fig.13)
Same name
(Fig.14)
Frontal
(Fig.15)
In the opposite stance, the position of the thrower’s body relative to the horizontal projection of the target is at an angle of 45 degrees. The leg opposite the hand holding the knife is in front. The feet are parallel. The body weight is distributed on both legs, slightly bent at the knees. The general center of gravity is projected onto the middle of the support area. As a rule, the remaining knives involved in a series of throws are held in the front hand, bent at the elbow, so that their sharp ends are directed away from the thrower’s body. The elbow of the back arm is lowered freely, the muscles and hand surrounding the knife are not tense. The head is turned 10-15 degrees in the direction of the aiming line, this relieves excessive tension in the neck muscles that hold the head in a stable position. In this case, a typical, most common position is described.
The main difference between the stance of the same name is that the hand performing the throw is in front of the leg of the same name. The center of gravity is moved to the front leg by 70-80%, which gives accuracy when throwing. The limited transfer of the center of gravity from the back to the front leg and insufficient rotation of the torso around its axis, which enhance the throw, create difficulties when performing the exercise from long distances.
In the front stance, the line connecting the thrower's legs is parallel to the target, the feet are parallel, shoulder-width apart, the knees are slightly bent and fixed, the spine bends as much as necessary to give this position a stable balance without unnecessary muscle tension.
Each of these racks can be narrow or wide and subsequently acquires an individual character.
3.2 Exercises to form the correct alignment of the knife.
The knife leaves the palm due to the acceleration created by the hand, the position of the fingers that ensure the knife slips, and the fixed position of the hand in the final phase of the throw. The consistency of these components ensures the correct exit of the knife from the palm in the right direction.
The main mistakes when the knife hits the target can be considered “sticking” in the fingers and unwanted “splash” in the hand, which occurs reflexively at the initial stage of training.
Exercises with a knife without a stand:
When performing this exercise, the knife is placed in the hand with a “flat” grip on the handle. At the same time, the hand is freely lowered down and not tense. The stand can be frontal or of the same name. The goal of this exercise is to, without unclenching, relax the fingers holding the knife so much that it slips out of the palm. The knife, under its own weight, is directed downwards into a pre-placed wooden or rubber surface. A prerequisite is that the knife must collide with the surface with its tip.
After mastering the exercise with sliding the knife down, you should move on to the exercise with a forward swinging movement:
The starting position is an opposite or the same stance. The hand, lowered down and holding the knife with a “flat” grip on the handle, is pulled back and swings forward along the thigh. Due to the centrifugal force created, the knife slides forward. The hand reaches out for the knife without bending at the elbow joint. The goal of this exercise is not only to control the guide created by the fingers, but also to fix the hand in such a way that the knife sent forward does not rotate around its center of gravity and flies strictly in a parallel plane to the floor (ground, floor surface). When this exercise is performed correctly, the knife lands flat on the floor.
When mastering this exercise, it is important to ensure that the arm muscles performing the movement are not tense, and that the body does not fall forward and is in a stable position, maintaining balance.
These exercises develop tactile sensations caused by touch, i.e. the form of sensitivity of two types of skin receptors - the nerve plexuses surrounding the hair follicles and capsules consisting of connective tissue cells. After mastering these exercises, you should move on to forming a convergence on the stand.
1. Being at the stand at a distance of 1.5 - 2 meters, perform an exercise similar to that described above (swing movement from below - forward) - send the knife to the stand. When done correctly, the knife should fit into the stand.
2. The thrower, standing at the stand at a distance of 1.5 - 2 meters in a frontal stance and holding the knife with a “flat” grip, swings over the shoulder, sends the knife into the stand with acceleration, straightening up and reaching behind it. The frontal stance in this exercise allows you to maintain balance, preventing the body from making an unwanted tilt forward, and clearly monitor the direction of movement of the hand. By performing this exercise, the athlete, while mastering the descent, becomes familiar with such concepts as “torsion” and “underrotation.”
When “twisting,” the knife collides with the surface of the stand at an acute angle, with the handle up, and can either enter the stand with its tip or bounce off it.
In such a situation, the athlete should reduce the distance by 10–15 cm.
When “under-rotated,” the knife collides with the surface at an acute angle, with the handle down.
The distance should be increased by 10-15 cm depending on the angle of entry. Due to possible rebounds of the knife, the exercise should be performed without exerting significant effort.
This exercise allows you to master other types of grips and stances.
The use of a cloth cover with a knife previously inserted into it when throwing also has a positive effect on the formation of a correct descent. The thrower holds the sheath with the inserted knife by gripping the blade (but through the sheath). When thrown, the knife slips out of the case and flies at the target. Here the thrower’s task is to squeeze the cover in measured doses in order to feel this descent.
3.3 Movement formation exercises
In sports, generally accepted methods of learning and mastering motor actions are used: holistic-constructive and dismembered-constructive.
Learning actions as a whole is carried out by mastering relatively simple ones and those complex ones that cannot be divided into parts. When learning complex actions that can be divided into relatively independent parts, mastering the technique of performing them is carried out in parts. Subsequently, the already learned and mastered parts - movements - are combined into integral complex actions. Such a complex action in sports knife throwing is throwing a knife at a target.
When learning movements, the most effective is the dismembered-constructive technique. It requires more attention and time, but ensures successful mastery of the technique of a holistic complex action, helps to avoid the occurrence of typical errors and loss of time to correct them.
It is advisable to divide the movement into 4 elements:
- starting position (stand),
- swing,
- throw,
- reaching,
which are performed separately, at a slow pace. Each of these elements must be performed accurately and without errors. The exercise is performed in four counts, at the command of the teacher.
On the count of “one”, students take the starting position. In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to the athlete’s ability to relax the main muscle groups, which will create favorable conditions for performing the movement as a whole.
On the count of “two,” a swing is performed. In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to the angle of bend of the arm at the elbow joint and the transfer of the center of gravity to the back leg.
On the count of “three,” the arm straightens in the direction of the target, while simultaneously turning the body. At the same time, attention is paid to ensuring that the hand does not fall below the level of the target; the hand was in a vertical plane; the free hand carried out a reverse movement back (to maintain balance); the center of gravity is transferred to the front, slightly bent leg.
The fourth element of the movement is that the back leg lifts off the floor, due to which the hand performing the movement reaches forward, as if reaching for a flying knife, accompanying it to the target. With the help of this, maintaining balance in the final phase of the throw is practiced.
This element is especially important when throwing by children, since it allows you to compensate for the lack of strength required to execute a throw (adult throwers can throw without lifting their legs).
This exercise can be performed with or without a knife. As individual elements are mastered, the exercise begins to be performed together, at a slow pace.
At the initial stage of training, it is important that the athlete performs the throwing movement smoothly, without jerking. For this purpose, it is advisable to start training with throwing simpler and heavier objects, such as a mining shovel, a hatchet, etc.
After the athlete has mastered the element-by-element and continuous execution of a throw, you can move on to learning throws from the first fixed distance - 3 meters. Features of work at the initial distance are as follows:
Throws are performed in series, three knives each;
Throws are not aimed at a large training stand, this gives the athlete confidence in his abilities;
You should not be rigidly attached to the three-meter mark. You can allow the athlete to step behind the line, or move back from it, increasing the distance.
The training process at a fixed distance should also include exercises to improve individual phases of the throwing movement with a knife.
The phase of throwing the hand towards the target.
To increase the effectiveness of this phase, it is recommended to perform the following exercises.
Sitting on a chair facing forward, the athlete performs a series of throws. Throws are performed without aiming, with control of the trajectory of the hand. The back of the chair does not allow the athlete to lean forward and allows him to control the position of the elbow, preventing it from lowering (Fig. 22). Having mastered this exercise, you can move on to throwing while sitting on a bench, where the position of the body is already controlled by the athlete independently (Fig. 23).
The movement of the hand can be controlled by performing throws not only while sitting, but also while lying on a bench on your back (Fig. 24). When performing this exercise, mandatory control of the rebound of the knife is necessary.
Phase of rotational and translational movement of the body.
Throwing a knife, sitting on a bench and turning half a turn, putting forward the leg opposite to the throwing arm. In this position, the hand performing the throw is pulled back, so with the movement of the hand, a simultaneous rotation of the torso occurs.
Having consolidated the skill of movements in this phase, you can move on to performing exercises while standing, being at an angle of 90 or 180 degrees to the stand.
The phase of transferring the center of gravity and pushing the leg.
The athlete takes the same stance, raising his arm to swing. The throw is performed simultaneously with a step forward (transition to an opposite stance). In this case, the thrower is at a distance that allows, after taking a step forward, the opposite leg to be on the line of a fixed distance.
Regular performance of these exercises allows the athlete to achieve a consistent and holistic performance of the throwing movement.
3.4. Formation of stability and throwing speed.
A feature of sports knife throwing is that the knife must not only hit the target, but also stick into it, therefore such quality as stability is key in the preparation of an athlete. Stability is achieved by repeated repetition of uniform throwing movements. In addition, you can throw a large number of knives. A means of monitoring stability is control tests, when the athlete performs 30 throws on a standard stand. The evaluation criteria here can be the following: 29-30 effective hits – “excellent”, 27-28 – “good”, 25-26 – “satisfactory”. This control test should be performed at the end of training, with the results recorded in the athlete’s personal diary. It takes up to six months of intensive training to develop satisfactory throwing stability.
To develop high-speed throwing qualities, the training process should include performing a certain number of throws in a certain period of time. For example: a series of 6 throws in 10 seconds. In this case, the goal is not only to comply with the time interval, but, first of all, to achieve a stable effective hit in the stand. When performing these exercises, it is necessary to constantly monitor the amount of load placed on the athlete’s shoulder girdle. Therefore, between series you should include the previously described muscle relaxation exercises.
3.5 Formation of throwing accuracy
The main condition for achieving high results in sports knife throwing is the accuracy of hitting the target. The criterion for assessing an athlete’s performance is the number of points scored when successfully hitting the target established by the Rules.
After an athlete achieves high stability, work on developing throwing accuracy occupies the main part of the training process.
Work on developing accuracy should begin with throws from short distances into a white sheet of paper, in order to avoid unnecessary tension due to the fear of not hitting the target. If the “white sheet” target is white, without any spots - landmarks and is large enough, then one can hope that the beginning athlete will not perform actions that are called “pulling”, that is, sharply pulling the hand down in the final stage of the throw. After the athlete begins to throw confidently, at the discretion of the coach, you can retreat to fixed distances. If errors occur at fixed distances, it is necessary to return again to a shorter distance in order to achieve the correct execution of the movement.
When working on accuracy, in order to maintain constant concentration of the athlete, the coach can set the task of throwing in different sectors of the stand.
In the final part of the training, it is advisable to perform five or ten series of throws at a target of the established type, recording their results for further analysis.
At the stage of improving sportsmanship, the athlete works with a standard target constantly.
The accuracy of the throw largely depends on the preliminary relaxation of the athlete’s muscles and internal readiness for the throw. In this regard, the athlete’s ability to breathe correctly plays a huge role. When performing a series of throws, the athlete's breathing should be even and calm. Immediately before the throw, the athlete takes a moderate breath, exhales, and while holding his breath, performs the throw itself. Breathing is held for the duration of the throw (for individual athletes - the entire series). In sports knife throwing, the tension reaches a maximum by the third throw (the so-called “third knife complex”), therefore the ability to regulate breathing allows the athlete to relieve excessive tension, restore inner calm and perform an accurate throw.
Accuracy requires constant improvement, so the coach must have a large arsenal of game and competitive exercises.
The playful aspect of training is especially important when working with children, but you should not be distracted from ensuring safety for a second!
3.6 Features of work at various distances
The throwing technique at long distances is not fundamentally different from that used at short distances. As the distance increases, the number of revolutions of the knife in flight changes, the applied force increases, in some cases the amplitude of the swing increases and the flight path of the knife changes.
However, it should be remembered that the transition to long distances is possible only after the throwing skills at the previous distance have been consolidated. For example, we begin mastering a distance of 5 meters after an athlete at a distance of 3 meters shows a stable result of 350 points out of 600 possible. The transition from distance to distance should be smooth, with the possibility of using intermediate distances (at which the grip changes). As a rule, it is 4, 6, 8 m.
One should not rush into moving to long distances, as this can cause uncertainty in the athlete and reinforce unwanted mistakes.
When working with athletes from sports skill improvement groups (3rd year of study and above), it is necessary to include in the training process throwing from all fixed distances inherent in a given age group during one lesson. This develops endurance and makes it possible to prepare the athlete for all-around competitions.
Chapter 4.
Moral-volitional and psychological preparation of the thrower
Moral-volitional and psychological preparations will be successful and productive if they are carried out taking into account the specifics of sports knife throwing and based on the following pedagogical principles:
conscientiousness - the thrower consciously, with confidence, accepts advice and instructions;
systematicity - the constant, consistent, purposeful use of means of influence planned by the trainer;
comprehensiveness - impact not on one narrow sphere, but on the entire psyche: personality orientation, psychomotor skills, intellect;
consistency - mental impact measures must be linked with others that logically make up the sports training system.
When planning, the specifics of sport knife throwing and the mandatory sections that are most typical for most sports should be reflected:
creating a team and an optimal psychological climate in it;
formation of achievement motivation among athletes;
the use of educational influences to form the athlete’s personality;
building confidence in the thrower to realize his capabilities;
training athletes in self-control and self-regulation techniques;
managing the mental state of athletes in training and competitions using psychoregulatory external and internal influences;
identifying the most likely sources of stress in preparation for the main start of the season;
mastering the means and methods of mental recovery.
4.1 Moral and volitional preparation
Moral-volitionaltraining is aimed at solving a number of problems, among which the main and most significant iseducation of moral aspects of personalityathlete, including the formation of consciousness, responsibility for one’s actions, hard work, a conscientious attitude to training, discipline, courage, determination, endurance, self-control, the ability to overcome difficulties, perseverance, respect for team members, and the desire to come to the aid of others.
In conversations and specific situations, the coach must give young athletes knowledge about personal qualities, giving examples of their manifestations in life circumstances.
All types of activities, including sports, are associated with overcoming difficulties and require physical, mental, intellectual and volitional efforts from a person. Very often it is not the most talented people who show high results and win victories in competitions, but the most hardworking and strong-willed ones.
Volitional training is a necessary part of an athlete’s physical, technical, tactical and theoretical training, without which success in sports is unthinkable. The coach must structure the entire long-term educational and training process so that students, knowing what will is, how and in the name of what volitional qualities are manifested, have the practice of directed volitional decisions and actions. Repeated repetition of volitional actions is necessary for correct behavior to become a habit, and the manifestations of individual volitional qualities to become permanent character traits. Volitional training should be part of the content of all other aspects of an athlete’s training. The coach is obliged to constantly improve the strong-willed qualities of his students and stimulate their manifestations in a tense and persistent struggle with worthy opponents.
To successfully improve volitional qualities, the following is necessary:
Awareness of the goal for the sake of which it is necessary to overcome difficulties;
Setting realistically achievable new, higher goals: long-term, intermediate and specific (close);
The use of explanations and persuasion in the education of volitional qualities in mandatory combination with exercises (actions);
Understanding and comprehension of tasks and actions in the upcoming training session or competition;
Creating clear ideas about the movements and actions to be performed;
Using in each training session techniques and methods aimed at developing volitional qualities;
Strict adherence to the daily routine, rational regime of study, work, training sessions, participation in cultural and educational events;
Carrying out independent volitional decisions;
Developing the ability to resist emotional reactions to emerging situations that may interfere with the achievement of top sports results;
The ability to control one’s actions, behavior, and keep records of the work done;
Mandatory implementation of what is planned, planned, necessary.
Theoretical training and moral education should be closely interconnected with volitional training.
4.2 Psychological preparation
The main tasks of psychological preparation are the formation of interest and love for the sport of knife throwing, readiness for training and competitive activities that require strong-willed efforts to overcome external and internal obstacles, improvement of the emotional properties of the individual, development and improvement of the athlete’s intelligence. The successful solution of these problems depends on the knowledge and pedagogical skill of the coach, on the athletes’ possession of a system of special knowledge about the human psyche. Athletes must know what perceptions, ideas, attention are, its types and properties, memory, thinking, will, volitional qualities, feelings, emotions, what their meaning, role and influence on human activity are.
Objectives of psychological training:
Formation of significant moral and volitional qualities;
Improving the properties of attention;
Development of coordination abilities;
Mastering the ability to concentrate and mobilize while performing an exercise;
Mastering the ability to manage your feelings, actions, emotions, behavior;
Mastering the ability to regulate mental state during competitions;
Development of abilities for self-analysis, self-criticism, self-demandingness;
Mastering the ability to withstand the adverse effects of internal and external factors;
Creating self-confidence;
Formation of readiness to perform at competitions;
Fostering the desire to purposefully fight for victory.
The most significant of the main tasks of psychological training isachieving a state of readiness for competitions,expressed in the mobilization of the athlete to solve the assigned tasks. This is especially important before important, main competitions. This ability to mobilize must be learned when solving everyday problems, in the process of educational and training sessions constantly, day after day.
The following methods are used in the psychological preparation of athletes:
Verbal influences: explanation, story, conversation, persuasion, pedagogical suggestion, approval, criticism, condemnation;
Performing feasible tasks to achieve results;
Introducing situations that require overcoming difficulties: anxiety, fear, unpleasant sensations (when using them, it is necessary to be gradual and careful, without requiring extreme mobilization);
Application of guidelines before competitions, based on their level and the athlete’s preparedness;
Mixed influence: encouragement, fulfillment of public orders, punishment.
Psychological preparation for competitions begins long before them and is based on basic training and solves the following tasks:
Formation of significant motives and readiness for competitions;
Cultivating self-confidence, the desire to necessarily achieve a certain result, victory;
Development of emotional resistance to competitive stress;
Maintaining neuropsychic freshness;
Overvoltage prevention;
Mastering self-control and self-regulation of one’s own psychological state in a competitive environment.
The importance of voluntary self-regulation is great in preparation for a performance and during competitions, when an athlete must cope with psychological tension that reduces his performance. The task of the coach is to prepare the student for that stage of his sports activity when a highly qualified thrower is obliged to on one's own assess the current competitive situation, quickly make the right decision and cope with your condition.
Such preparation should begin from the first steps of the young thrower. The coach must build a long-term educational and training process so that a technically prepared athlete masters self-regulation techniques perfectly. By providing students with general information about the basic concepts of self-regulation, expanding and deepening this knowledge, the trainer should gradually add information about the means of self-regulation and teach how to use them, if necessary.
To reduce arousal levelsIn order to calm down and relax before a performance, the following methods of self-regulation are used:
Verbal influences:
Switching thoughts to the technique of action, and not to the result;
Switching thoughts and attention to images and phenomena that evoke positive emotions (pictures of nature, pleasant people, joyful events, etc.);
Self-persuasion aimed at reassurance: “I am well prepared,” “The enemy is not that strong”;
Self-orders: “Calm down”, “Don’t worry”, “Pull yourself together” and others;
Techniques associated with the use of postures, movements and external influences aimed at reducing the level of arousal:
Regulation of breathing by changing the intervals of inhalation and exhalation, holding the breath, slowing down or accelerating inhalation and exhalation, and their depth;
Consistent relaxation of the main and local muscle groups;
Alternating tension and relaxation of individual muscle groups;
Soothing massage techniques (light stroking, shaking).
To increase arousal levelsIn order to mobilize before a performance, the following methods are used: 1) verbal and psychological influences:
Concentration of thoughts on achieving high results, victory;
Setting up to use your technical and physical capabilities;
Creating ideas about advantages over rivals;
Thoughts about high responsibility for the result of the performance;
Self-orders: “Give everything and win”, “Mobilize”, “I must” and others;
2) techniques associated with the use of postures, movements and external influences aimed at increasing the level of arousal:
Using “tonic” movements;
Regulation of breathing using short-term hyperventilation;
Using warm-up elements;
Exciting massage techniques (effleurage, kneading, rubbing).
Chapter 5.
Tactical training
The concept of “tactics,” meaning the art of preparing and conducting combat, first appeared in military affairs. Over time, it began to be used to designate a set of means and techniques not only in social and political struggle, but no less widely in sports.
Sports knife throwing has its own specificity, which consists in the absence of a specific opponent. The main “rivals” of a thrower-athlete are changes in his psychofunctional state and external environment, which complicate throwing and can lead to mistakes and a decrease in performance in competitions.
The basis of sports and tactical mastery is the quality of tactical thinking and tactical knowledge, abilities, and skills.
Tactical thinking is manifested (expressed) in the ability of an athlete, having perceived the changes that have arisen, to quickly assess a new situation and process this information, which is essential for solving a tactical problem, and most importantly, to find in the shortest possible way among several solution options the one that leads to success with the greatest probability.
No less significant are the manifestations of tactical thinking in the thrower’s ability to organize preparations for a performance, and during competitions - his behavior and actions when changing environmental conditions and mental state. This organization is essential to maintaining the effectiveness of each throw and the entire exercise. Variants of emerging changes in the external environment and in the mental state of competitors are well known and generally predictable. The athlete must be well aware of not only possible changes, but also the content of tactical decision options aimed at overcoming the negative consequences of unexpected changes.
When preparing for a performance, the thrower, during training sessions on the instructions of the coach or independently, having imagined different options for changes in the external environment, must make adjustments to the organization of the throws. A general plan for performing individual exercises, preparing equipment, the order and tasks of performing trial series, and those actions whose implementation must be controlled by focusing attention on them must be thought out. It is equally important to foresee the likelihood of contacts before the start, since their result may be a switching of thoughts to the reported news, a certain emotional “outburst”. Such distractions disrupt the overall mood, concentration and psychological readiness of the athlete to perform.
Objective factorschanges in circumstances and external environment when performing exercises at competitions held outdoors:
Changes in illumination during partly cloudy weather;
Strong gusty winds varying in direction and strength;
Inconsistency between the height of installation of targets at competitions and the usual level of installation of targets at the training site;
Failures, delays in changing targets due to technical problems;
Lack of time determined by the terms of the competition rules;
Noise from bounces, unexpected remarks at neighboring stands or among spectators;
Increased, emotionally expressed attention of the audience to the progress of the exercise;
Judge's intervention.
Subjective factorsnegatively affecting the accuracy of all elements of the throw as a whole:
High responsibility;
Doubts, uncertainty in assessing one’s actions;
Extraneous thoughts not related to the execution of the upcoming throw;
Fear of inaccurate throwing;
Unpreparedness for unexpectedly high results of several series;
Fatigue developing during the exercise;
Deterioration (violation) of the coordination of actions to perform a throw.
The success of overcoming difficulties caused by objective factors is determined by the technical skill of the athlete. Strong-willed athletes who have mastered self-regulation techniques cope more easily with subjective difficulties.
Conclusion
Sports knife throwing in Russia is rapidly gaining popularity. Thus, 47 boys and girls from 8 regions of the Russian Federation participated in the 2010 Russian Youth Championship. Curiosity and the natural desire for teenagers to learn how to throw a knife beautifully and effectively lead many of them to the decision to try their hand at this sport. The opportunity to prove yourself, to reach certain heights in sports, the apparent accessibility and simplicity reinforce determination.
Working with young athletes requires increased coaching responsibility, patience and attention. In the absence of special training for trainers in sports knife throwing, it is gratifying that today’s dedicated teachers, who have mastered this discipline through trial and error, have students who have chosen the coaching path for themselves, such as Pavel Zudov (Moscow) and Andrey Gerasimov (Samara). It is on their shoulders that the further practical, scientific and methodological development of this sports discipline and its transformation into a full-fledged sport will fall.
Application.
Competition rules according to Unifight
SECTION 1.
Types and nature of competitions in sports knife throwing.
Conditions and procedure for performing sports knife throwing exercises
Article 1. Types and nature of competitions in sports knife throwing.
1.01.
Knife throwing competitions can be held both outdoors and indoors in specially equipped areas, provided that appropriate measures are in place to ensure the safety of participants, judges and spectators.
1.02.
In sports knife throwing, individual, team and individual-team competitions are held.
Personal competitions include competitions in which the results are credited to individual athletes;
Team competitions include competitions in which the results of throwers are counted towards the team as a whole;
Personal-team competitions include competitions in which the results are counted simultaneously for the throwers and the team as a whole;
The nature of the competition in each individual case is determined by the regulations on the competition.
1.03.
It is allowed to hold classification competitions as a preliminary stage of the competition.
Article 2. Types of exercises in sports knife throwing and conditions for their implementation.
2.01.
Throwing a single knife is carried out at rectangular targets (Fig. No. 3).
2.02.
The number of qualifying throws at each distance is 30 (10 series of 3 throws), the time of each series is no more than 1.5 minutes (and 2 minutes for special exercises).
2.03.
When performing exercises, throwing is always performed in a certain order - from short distances to long ones.
2.04.
On each day of competition, before the start of the knife throwing test series, athletes are given the right to two test series of throws (3 knives each) at distances included in the competition program.
2.05.
Trial series are carried out under the supervision of the head of the throwing stand in the order of priority established by the throwing rules.
2.06.
At competitions, an approach to the targets to remove knives and record the results is carried out after each series of 3 throws, according to the general command.
2.07.
If knife throwing is carried out at several distances on one day, a break of at least 20 minutes is taken between them.
2.08.
SF "Universal Fight" conducts competitions in the following exercises:
№ № | Name of the sports discipline exercise according to VRVS | Exercise index in the FIAU Rules | Gender, age of participants |
|
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Knife throwing - distance 3m | N(K)-1 | Boys 14-15 years old, girls, women 18 years old and older |
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Knife throwing - distance 5m | N(C)-1 | Boys and girls, men and women 18 years and older |
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Knife throwing - distance 7m | N(D)-1 | Boys 16-17 years old, men |
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Knife throwing - distance 9m | N(M)-1 | men |
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Combined 3+5m | J | Boys 14-15 years old, girls, women |
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Combined 5+7m | DM | Boys 16-17 years old, |
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Eventing 5+7+9m | TA | men |
|
Note on exercise index by version FILU rules:
The first letter and number in the index indicate the type of exercise:
Н(...)-1 - throws from the shoulder with any knife grip
Н(...)-2 - throws from the shoulder with any grip with a rotation of 180º
N(...)-3 - hip throws with any knife grip
The second letter indicates the distance:
(K) - 3 meters
(C) - 5 meters
(D) - 7 meters
(M) - 9 meters
"J" - women's biathlon; "DM" - men's biathlon; "TA" - triathlon (absolute championship)
2.09.
Each exercise is performed on one day, without breaks between series. Exercises at the preliminary stage can be performed according to the ½ formula (5 series of 3 knives) in one or two circles. In the final, the exercises are performed in full.
2.10.
The competition program may include one or several types of exercises. The order of performing the exercises must correspond to the digital index.
SECTION 2.
Competition participants.
Article 3. Age groups of competition participants.
Children 10-11 years old and 12-13 years old throw a tennis ball at a target and perform preparatory exercises in knife throwing.
Boys and girls 14-15 years old (middle age)
Boys and girls 16-17 years old (older age)
Juniors 18-20 years old
Adults 18 years and older
Article 4. Admission of participants to competitions.
4.01. In exceptional cases, athletes over the age of 16 who know how to handle a certified knife, know the rules of conduct in the throwing sector and have received a doctor’s permission to participate in competitions are allowed to participate in competitions among adults.
4.02. The conditions for admission of participants to competitions, their sporting affiliation, classification and age, as well as the list of documents provided to the credentials committee are stipulated by the Regulations. Required documents include:
passport or birth certificate;
medical insurance policy for these competitions.
4.03. Participants are allowed to compete with personal knives (at least 3) of the established type.
4.04.
Knives are examined by a technical commission for compliance with standards.
Note: Knives that have passed the compliance examination are marked and stored in a special room, in separate cases (packages), marked with the information of their owner, and are issued at the end of the draw along with the participants’ numbers.
4.05. An organization’s application for the participation of its members in competitions is drawn up in the prescribed form with the obligatory presence of stamped signatures of the head of the organization sending the team or athlete to the competition, the coach and the doctor, certifying the appropriate training of the participants. Doctor's signature: "Admitted." Doctor: (signature and seal are placed in the list opposite the last name of each participant).
4.06. Admission of participants is carried out by the credentials committee (its composition is approved by the organization conducting the competition). The credentials committee includes:
representative of the organization hosting the competition;
chief judge or his deputy;
chief secretary or his deputy;
chief physician;
knife expert;
members of the commission who check applications and documents of participants for compliance with the requirements of the Regulations on the competition.
4.07. Responsibility for the admission of participants in controversial cases lies with a representative of the organization conducting the competition.
4.08. The participation of athletes in older age groups is permitted with the permission of the doctor and coach.
4.09. In some competitions, an athlete is only allowed to participate in one age group.
Article 5. Obligations and rights of participants.
5.01. The participant is obliged:
a) strictly observe the standards of conduct and ethics of a Russian athlete;
b) know and follow the safety rules for throwing a single knife;
c) know and comply with these competition rules;
d) appear at the credentials committee and at the competition venue on time;
e) comply with all orders of the judges and not enter into arguments with them;
f) comply with the competition schedule;
g) have all the documents specified in the Regulations at the competitions;
h) conduct training and warm-up at a place and time determined by the organizers;
i) release only with their own knives that have passed the mandatory safety commission for throwing a single knife;
j) compete in competitions in a clean and fit sports uniform, having a number with an assigned index on the back;
k) at the end of each series of knife throwing, sign the result record card.
5.02. The participant has the right:
a) contact the judges on urgent issues related to the execution of the exercise;
b) at personal competitions, submit protests to the main panel of judges in cases where he believes that the decisions of the judge or his actions contradict the rules of the competition or the Regulations on the competition;
c) replace the knives during the throwing process with spare ones that have previously passed the technical commission, informing the judge about this at the throwing line;
d) contact a doctor for medical assistance, notifying the judge in the throwing sector.
Article 6. Responsibilities and rights of team representatives.
6.01. The official representative of the team is an intermediary between the panel of judges and the participants nominated by this organization. He leads the team and is responsible for the behavior and discipline of the participants. If the team does not have an official representative, his duties are performed by the coach or team captain.
6.02. The team representative must:
a) know these Rules, Regulations and the program of these competitions;
b) timely submit to the credentials committee an application for participation in competitions and other documents specified in the Regulations;
c) attend joint meetings of the panel of judges with team representatives;
d) inform your team members about the decisions of the panel of judges;
e) ensure timely attendance of participants at the competition site;
f) stay in a place specially designated for representatives until the end of the participation of members of his team in the competition, and leave it only with the permission of the chief judge of the competition.
6.03. The team representative has the right:
a) submit re-applications in accordance with the Regulations;
b) be present at the drawing of lots;
c) have information on all issues of the conduct and results of the competition;
d) make comments and participate in the discussion of issues at joint meetings of judges and representatives;
e) submit applications (protests) justified by these Rules.
6.04. A team representative is prohibited from:
a) interfere with the work of judges and competition organizers;
b) be at the same time a judge of this competition;
c) during exercises, give instructions to participants while being near the throwing line;
Article 7. Applications.
7.01. Applications for participation in competitions are submitted by participants of the organization within the time limits established by the Regulations on competitions. The application must indicate:
a) country (republic, city, society for which the participant stands);
b) Full name (fully);
c) year of birth;
d) sports qualification, category;
e) in what composition the participant is declared (team, individual, main or reserve);
f) types of programs in which the participant is applying;
g) a doctor’s visa for admission to these competitions, certified by the seal of the medical institution;
h) last names and initials of team coaches and representatives of the organization.
The application must be signed by the head of the organization for which the athlete competes, representatives of the team and certified by a seal.
7.02. At competitions, athletes must have an athlete’s passport filled out in the prescribed form or an international certificate of athlete’s rank.
SECTION 3.
Panel of judges, drawing lots, protests
Article 8. Judicial panel.
8.01. The panel of judges ensures that the competition is conducted in accordance with the established rules, monitors the implementation of these rules by the participants and determines the results of the competition.
8.02. The direct management of the competition is carried out by the main panel of judges consisting of the chief judge, his deputy, the chief secretary, the head of the throwing sectors, the senior judge of the line of stands (targets), the senior informant and the assistant to the chief judge for medical matters (competition doctor). In addition, the panel of judges includes: senior judges at the throwing line, line judges, senior secretaries and secretaries of each sector, secretaries of the main secretariat, timekeeper judge, counting judges, informants.
8.03. The panel of judges is appointed by the organization conducting the competition. The main panel of judges is previously reviewed and approved by the relevant federation (section bureau).
8.04. The chief judge manages the competition, ensuring that it is conducted in accordance with the program, rules and regulations of the competition.
The chief judge is obliged:
a) appoint a credentials commission from among judges, secretaries and a doctor to check the documentation of participants, in accordance with the requirements of the competition regulations, and approve the members of the credentials commission from the organization organizing the competition;
b) organize a check of the readiness of throwing sectors,equipment and equipment, their suitability and compliance with competition rules, safety measures, availability of premises for judges and participants;
c) hold an organizational and instructional meeting of the panel of judges before the start of the competition;
d) examine applications and protests, make decisions on them or submit them for discussion by the panel of judges;
e) personally conduct a meeting of the panel of judges;
f) no later than 3 days after the end of the competition, together with the deputy chief judge and the chief secretary, provide a written report to the organization conducting the competition.
The chief judge has the right:
a) cancel, postpone or change the date of the competition if it is impossible to hold it according to the established rules (weather conditions or form of material support);
b) remove from work judges who fail to fulfill their duties or violate the rules of the competition;
c) suspend participants and officials who deliberately violate the rules of the competition or the established general procedure.
8.05. The Deputy Chief Judge supervises the preparation of the site for the competition. Under his leadership, the preparatory work is carried out by the senior judge of the throwing sector, the senior judge of the stands (target line), the senior informant, and the commandant of the competition.
The Deputy Chief Judge is obliged to:
a) ensure the readiness of sites and sectors for the competition;
b) before the start of the competition, arrange the judges for work areas and distribute decals to them;
c) manage the work of the refereeing staff and support staff during the competition;
d) keep a report card of the judges;
e) exercise control over the use of warning systems, the activities of photographers and correspondents at sites (in sectors);
In the absence of the chief judge, replaces him using the rules of the chief judge.
8.06. The Chief Secretary is responsible for organizing the work of the secretariat. The secretariat consists of secretaries working in the main secretariat and senior sector secretaries with their assistants.
The Chief Secretary is obliged:
a) receive from the organization conducting the competition reporting forms, stationery, insignia for judges, officials, press, photo reporters, numbers for participants and targets;
b) accept from representatives of the teams participating in the competition applications for the personal composition of the teams, tables of records, and the highest achievements of athletes;
c) ensures order at the throwing line and in the neutral zone;
d) informs the sector manager about the need for a “transfer” for technical reasons.
8.11. The senior stand line judge is responsible for preparing and organizing work on the stand line. The senior line judge is obliged to:
a) control the preparation of the line of stands (arrangement and technical condition of stands, markings, sizes and hanging of targets);
b) supervise the work of target judges (counting judges);
c) control the correctness of recording of results in personal cards.
8.12. The stand line judge must:
a) monitor compliance with the order and rules of performing the sport knife throwing exercise and safety measures;
b) stay next to the athlete on his line during the entire exercise;
c) issue warnings and announce penalties in cases of violation of these rules (clauses 11.03., 11.09.);
d) in the cases specified in clause 11.18., go out with the participant to the neutral zone to call the senior line judge.
8.13. The stand judge (counting judge) is obliged to:
a) under the guidance of the senior line judge, participate in the preparation of stands and targets for the competition;
b) be responsible for accurately determining the results of knife throwing exercises and correctly filling out the athlete’s results card in two copies (as a carbon copy);
c) mark and mark all holes on targets;
d) invites the senior judge to determine the controversial holes in the line of stands;
e) at the end of the exercise, hand over the first copies of the completed results cards, signed by yourself and the athletes, to the senior secretary in the sector (the second copies remain with the athletes).
8.14. The senior informant is responsible for timely information to participants, spectators and press representatives about the conditions, progress of sports competitions and the results of competitions. The senior informant is obliged:
a) know well the conditions and program of these competitions, records (national, continental, world) for all exercises, the best achievements of the competition participants;
b) organize a visual display of competition results (scoreboard of competition leaders, table of personal and team results).
Information must be accessible to a wide audience. Therefore, when announcing the results on the radio and when showing them on the scoreboard, it is necessary to announce the index of the stand on which the exercise is performed, the republic (city), country and society that it represents.
To assist the senior informant, the required number of assistants are assigned, who work under his leadership.
8.15. The competition doctor is a member of the panel of judges as an assistant to the chief judge for medical matters. He carries out medical and sanitary control at competitions, is a member of the credentials committee and organizes the necessary medical care.
8.16. The management of the competition panel of judges (chief judge or his deputy, chief secretary, head of the throwing sector, senior stand line judge) must arrive at the competition site in advance (two days before the start) to check the readiness of the equipment, inventory, competition site, organize and conduct test series of throws and draw lots for competition participants.
8.17. To assist the panel of judges, a competition commandant is appointed at the competition site, who is responsible for providing the competition with inventory, equipment and their placement on the site. The commandant carries out all the work on the instructions of the chief judge or his deputy. To carry out the preparatory work, the commandant is allocated an appropriate number of auxiliary workers and technical personnel.
8.18. The chief judge and the panel of judges do not have the right to cancel or change points of the rules and Regulations on the competition. Decisions of the panel of judges can only be overturned by the organization that appointed the panel of judges, or the relevant federation, if the panel of judges violates the rules or regulations of the competition.
8.19. Judges cannot simultaneously judge and participate in competitions, or provide technical assistance to participants at competitions.
8.20. When performing their duties, judges must wear distinctive insignia provided by the competition organizers.
8.21. The qualifications of senior judges at international competitions are not lower than the national category.
8.22. The quantitative composition of the panel of judges is determined depending on the number of participants and the nature of the competition.
Article 9 Draw
9.01. The order of performance of participants and teams at various competitions is established:
in qualifying competitions - by a general draw of participants (teams);
in preliminary and final competitions - in accordance with the places taken in the previous stages of the competition, starting from the worst and ending with the best.
In team competitions, the draw is carried out only for teams, and the order of performance of the participants is determined by the team representative (captain), notifying the secretariat.
Based on the result of the draw, participants (teams) are assigned to shields and shifts. The athlete (team) who received the first number during the draw performs exercises on the 1st board in the first shift, etc. The numbering of shifts is determined based on the number of boards on which the exercises are performed. Shields are numbered from left to right in the throwing direction.
9.02. The draw is carried out by a panel of judges no later than 2 hours before the start of the competition, separately for men and women, as well as for different age groups. Team representatives may be present at the draw depending on the number of applications submitted.
9.03. Based on the results of the draw, the panel of judges draws up two protocols (one in alphabetical order, the second in the order of stands), which are brought to the attention of representatives of all teams participating in the competition, or to the attention of athletes if the competition is personal in nature. Copies of the protocols must be posted on the information board.
9.04. Before the start of throwing, the representative retains the right to replace the main participant with a spare one (but no more than two in one team).
Article 10. Protests.
10.01. A protest is filed in cases where a representative or participant believes that the judge’s decision or his actions are contrary to the rules of the competition. The protest is submitted to the main panel of judges, in writing, indicating the sections and points of the rules or competition regulations that the protester considers to have been violated.
10.02. Protests regarding the conduct of knife throwing exercises, the behavior of a competitor, judge or representative must be presented to the main panel of judges on the same day. A protest regarding the results of the competition must be submitted before they are approved by the main panel of judges so that possible errors can be corrected in a timely manner.
10.03.
A protest accepted by the main panel of judges must be considered on the same day. The decision of the panel of judges on protests must be communicated to interested parties and recorded in the report of the panel of judges. Copies of the original protests are attached to the report.
In case of disagreement with the decision of the main panel of judges, a protest can be submitted by interested parties to the relevant federation, as well as to the organization conducting the competition.
SECTION 4.
The procedure and rules for performing the sport knife throwing exercise, determining the results and safety rules.
Article 11. Procedure and rules for performing sports knife throwing exercises.
11.01. Competitors of the same age group perform knife throwing exercises simultaneously, in the same direction. The order of performing the exercises is from short to long distances.
11.02. The beginning and end of a series of exercises (3 throws) must be made upon a general signal from the assistant chief referee on the line of stands.
11.03. To perform three throws (one series), the time is set: - 1.5 minutes. If an athlete spends more time on one series, he is given a warning. In the future, if the violation is repeated, a fine is announced (minus 10 points).
11.04. Exercises are performed only with knives that have passed the mandate (technical) commission.
11.05. An athlete, being at the throwing line, has no right to receive any help or advice from the outside.
11.06. At the end of each series of exercises, athletes with the senior target line judge go to the stands to inspect the scoring and remove the knives.
11.07. Participants do not have the right to touch knives or remove them from stands without the judge’s command.
11.08. At one stand (but one target), only one participant performs the exercises.
11.09. Before performing the knife throwing exercise, the competition participant takes a position according to the draw. It is not permitted to step on or step on the line (curb) that defines the boundary. Stepping over the line is punishable by a fine - minus 20 points.
11.10. Before the start of the exercise, with the permission of the sector head, the athlete is given the right to conduct additional warm-up exercises without a knife at the throwing line. Athletes are warned about the start of the competition by announcing their minute readiness.
11.11. Before the start of each day of competition, athletes are allowed to test 2 series of 3 knives at the distances of the declared exercises.
11.12. The dignity of the hole of each hit is noted by the counting judge in the athlete’s score card in his presence (the dignity of controversial holes is determined on the spot by the senior line judge and cannot be changed in the future).
The procedure for determining the value of holes and recording them is as follows:
a) at the end of a series of throwing exercises, athletes, according to the general command “To the targets!” approach the stands;
b) the scoring judge calls the athletes to their stands one by one and tells them the points and penalties recorded in the protocol, and the participants are convinced that the results are recorded correctly. It is prohibited to remove or touch knives until the results of all participants are recorded. After recording the result, the judge must show the participant his score card;
c) the counting judge writes down the values of the holes in the series from high to low;
d) after the hits are recorded, the knives are removed from the stand, the judges mark (seal all the holes) or change the targets for new ones.
11.13. The athlete, having signed the exercise results record card, does not have the right to subsequently make any claims against the panel of judges for incorrect scoring.
11.14. Replacing a knife while performing an exercise is permitted in the following cases:
a) if in the previous series the knife was broken or damaged;
b) if the knife was forgotten near the stand after moving away from the targets to the throwing line.
The number of spare knives used in an exercise can be no more than 10, with the condition that all of them must have passed the technical credentials committee before the start of the competition.
11.15. If a participant is late for the start of the exercises, he loses the right to the number of series that had already been completed by other athletes before his arrival.
11.16. Competitors are not allowed to touch another competitor's knives or equipment without the owner's permission.
11.17. Additional throws (throwing knives) to the “throwing” series are performed immediately after the next series with the permission of the senior referee at the throwing line. Additional knife throws to the series may be allowed in the following cases:
a) if, during the exercise, the knife caught its tip and “hung” on the target, covering more than three zones of the target;
b) the knife hit the knife and bounced off it, or knocked it out.
11.18. To be able to make an additional knife throw to the series in the cases specified in clause 11.17 a, b - the athlete must go to the neutral zone and raise his hand above his head to call the senior judge to the throwing line.
Article 12. Determination of the results of the knife throwing exercise.
12.01. Technically, the results of the knife throwing exercises of the competition participants are determined by the number and value of holes in the target.
12.02. The value of a hole is assessed by the position of the knife blade in the target; when the blade touches the outside of the dimensional line on the target (without hitting), a hole of greater value is counted with the obligatory condition that the knife comes into contact with the dimensional line on any edge of the blade.
12.03. A blade that touches another knife and ricochets into a target is counted at its location on the target.
12.04. A blade that hits the target, but does not stick into the stand, and a blade that sticks into the stand, but does not hit the target, are counted as a miss.
12.05. A blade that does not hit the stand (falls before the stand or flies past) is punished with a fine of minus twenty points.
12.06.
The winner of the competition in the exercise is determined by the highest amount of points scored at all distances included in the exercise. The team championship is determined by the highest total score of the qualifying team members.
The winner of the competition in double events is determined by the highest amount of points scored in the two exercises of the finals of the competition.
12.07. In case of equal results, the places of the participants are determined:
based on the result of the last series, in case of equality, the indicators are based on the previous series, etc.;
In case of equal results between teams, advantage is given to the team with the best individual result in total among the qualifying participants. If these indicators are equal for the best second sum, etc.;
In the event of a tie between two or more participants, the highest place is taken by the participant with the best total points in the 2nd exercise. If these results are equal, the participants are given additional series of throws (3 knives each) until the best participant is identified in the additional series.
Article 13. Safety rules when throwing a knife.
13.01. Fences must be installed around the site where the competition is held, indicating the boundaries of the danger zone. The designated area must fully ensure the safety of spectators and judges.
13.02. To control the entire site, the heads of the throwing sector install a high platform (referee tennis tower) in the neutral zone (in the center of the throwing line).
13.03. The head of the sector can give a signal allowing the exercise only after making sure that the area in front of and behind the stands is clear.
13.04. On the day of the trial series, participants must be distributed among the stands so that, when performing the exercise at different distances, no dangerous situations are created for each other. Trial series are carried out under the mandatory supervision of the head of the throwing sector and his assistants.
13.05. A competition participant is prohibited from:
a) in competitions, throw a knife without signals authorizing the exercise, not in the direction of the target, not being at the throwing line;
b) manipulate an unsheathed knife while outside the throwing line;
c) talk while performing an exercise, or touch an athlete performing an exercise;
d) throw a knife if there are people or animals on the area in front of or behind the stand.
13.06. The competition participant bears full responsibility for any accident that occurs as a result of violations of the competition rules.
13.07. Responsibility for implementing safety measures during competitions rests with the heads of the throwing sectors.
SECTION 5.
Competition location, equipment and equipment of the site, targets, knives and equipment of athletes.
Article 14. Competition venue, equipment and equipment of the sites.
14.01.
Competitions can take place on a specially equipped rectangular platform for throwing knives. The throwing sector can be located both outdoors and in closed and semi-closed spaces.
In cases where the sector is set up outdoors, the stands are installed on the north side so that the sun's rays do not enter the athletes' eyes. The ratio of natural lighting in the hall should be 1:5, 1:6, artificial lighting - at least 600 lux. The sector should be illuminated from above by reflected or diffused light lamps with a protective mesh. When holding competitions indoors, the temperature should be from +15 to +25 degrees Celsius, air humidity should not be lower than 60 percent. Ventilation should provide three air changes per hour.
14.02.
Each participant must have a throwing lane at least 12 meters long and at least 4 meters wide. On the strip, distances (lines) of 3, 5, 7 and 9 meters should be marked with a border 2.5 cm high (in sports halls, the boundaries are indicated by a line 50 cm long and 5 cm wide), at the end of the strip a stand with a target is installed (Fig. No. 2). There should be a knife catcher (mat, canvas curtain, rubber shock absorber) behind the stand. The floor in front of the stand for at least 2.5 m must be lined with a rubber shock absorber that reduces the rebound of the knife.
There should be a portable bedside table on the throwing lane - a table for knives. The floor of the sector must be level (without slope). The ceiling height is at least 3 meters.
14.03. All competition participants must perform on the same platform and throw knives in the same direction. If men and women compete in parallel in competitions, then the part of the site on which women perform is separated from the part of the site on which men perform by a longitudinal corridor at least 4 meters wide, the women's sector is located on the left.
14.04. Above each stand, opposite its center, is a letter index A, B, C, D, etc. or digital 1, 2. 3, 4, etc., the same index is set at each throwing line with the front side facing the audience.
14.05. Beyond the farthest distance of 9 meters there is a neutral zone of 3 meters, and beyond it a waiting zone of up to 5 meters.
14.06. Only judges and participants performing the exercise may be in the neutral zone. In the neutral zone there must be a special tower (tennis referee tower) for the leaders of the throwing sector.
14.07. A traffic light consisting of two signal lamps is installed above every second stand: red and green, protected by a mesh at a height of at least 2.5 m from the floor; they must be synchronized.
14.08. All markings of the site are made with clearly visible lines (chalk, white tape, bright tape, contrasting paint) and should not interfere with judges and athletes when approaching the stands.
14.09. The height of the throwing stand must be at least 2 meters, the width at least 1 meter. The working surface of the stand is formed by cubes of wood (side 25-35 cm), stacked on top of each other, in annual rings towards the throwing line (Figure No. 2 in the appendices).
14.10. Each distance must be carefully measured. Measurements are taken from the shooting line to the target line (the line along which the targets are placed) perpendicular to the two targets. All distances are measured with an accuracy of ± 2 cm.
A report is drawn up on the marking of the site and the dimensions of the targets used, signed by the deputy chief referee, the head of the throwing sector and the senior referee at the throwing line. If during the competition the distance markings were violated, a report on the new markings is drawn up a second time. Each distance must have a digital indicator facing the viewer.
14.11. To ensure safety during the competition, a sufficient number of fences are prepared.
A sufficient number of chairs or benches are provided in the waiting area for participants and officials.
In case of unfavorable weather (when holding competitions outdoors), it is necessary to have protective awnings, tents, etc. in reserve for the participants and the judging apparatus.
14.12. A sufficient number of distinctive signs (badges, armbands, cards, etc.) must be prepared for the panel of judges and officials. Tables and chairs must be prepared for the secretariat and the main panel of judges. Telephones, radio equipment for communication and information announcements, information boards for visually showing the progress of the competition to participants and spectators, calculating machines and duplicating machines to ensure the normal operation of the secretariat.
Article 15. Targets.
15.01. Knife throwing is carried out at a special target of the same type for all distances.
15.02. The target has a rectangular shape with four contrast zones located from the center of the target to the periphery in the following order: white, black, white, black (Fig. No. 3).
15.03. If a knife hits a particular zone, it is assessed by the corresponding number of points, according to the following table.
Table No. 1
Number of points | Zone color | External dimensions of zone H*L (cm) |
white | 12x8 |
|
black | 20 x 16 |
|
white | 28 x24 |
|
black | 36 x 32 |
15.04.
The central zone has a control zone marked with a broken line; the dimensions of the control zone are 80 x 40 mm.
15.05. Targets must be printed on thick paper (120 to 140 g/m2 density) on fabric or some other suitable material. The target may have a cardboard backing. During the competition, all targets must be the same.
Article 16. Knife and equipment of the athlete.
16.01. In competitions, only one type of certified knife approved by the federation is allowed.
16.02 . The knife (Fig. No. 1 of the appendix) has the following basic technical characteristics:
total length - 260mm (+-5mm);
blade length - 150mm (+-5mm);
butt thickness - 6mm (+-1mm);
weight-285g(+-15g);
hardness - 54.9 units (according to Rockwell).
It is certified as a household item and does not apply to edged weapons. The blade must have the "Unifight" federation mark.
16.03. Athletes are allowed to use a tape, fingertip or bandage in case of cuts or injuries to the hand, provided that the wrist joint is not immobilized.
16.04. Knives may be marked by athletes, provided that the "mark" must not change the weight or balance of the blade.
16.05. During competitions at the throwing line, athletes must wear comfortable tracksuits. In cases of team competitions, the uniform of the participants of one team must be the same. All participants must wear sports shoes during the competition. In cases of unfavorable weather, it is allowed to wear seasonal sportswear, a raincoat, and boots. The number assigned to the athlete as a result of the draw is attached to the middle of the back and must be clearly visible.
SECTION 6.
Records and highest sporting achievements in knife throwing.
Article 17. Requirements for approving records for sports knife throwing.
17.01. A record is considered the highest sports achievement established by an athlete or team at official competitions in strict compliance with the competition rules in force in Russia (at the time the record was set).
17.02. An existing record is considered broken if the newly set record exceeds it by at least one point.
17.03. Records are registered according to the list of exercises approved by the All-Russian Sports Federation "Universal Fight" and included in the Rossport VRVS.
17.04. Records are registered separately for exercises and for individual distances, for groups of men, women, as well as youth groups (boys and girls).
17.05. Personal records are registered if at least 20 athletes took part in competitions for this exercise, and team records at least 5 teams.
17.06. When a record is set, throwing distances, target sizes and compliance of knives with technical requirements are immediately re-checked. The permissible deviation from the distance length is ± 3 cm.
17.07. If at an exercise competition two or more results are shown that exceed the existing record, then the record is credited to the athlete who showed the highest result in these competitions.
17.08. If, when performing exercises at competitions, the same record result is shown by several athletes, then the record is counted to all athletes who showed this result.
17.09. If within one day the same record result was shown by several participants or teams in different cities and at different competitions, then the record is credited to all participants (teams).
17.10. The record is formalized by an act on the day of the end of the competition in this exercise, to which the following documents are attached:
a) the protocol of the competition for this exercise in knife throwing, the protocol of the draw, the certificate of distance and skin checks;
b) personal cards, records of the results of the participant or team that set the record;
c) a poster about the competitions held.
17.11. A Russian record is registered if the panel of judges included at least 2 judges of the All-Russian category and 2 judges of the republican category.
17.12. Materials about setting a record must be sent by the organization conducting the competition to a higher sports organization no later than 15 days from the date of its establishment.
Applications:
- Stand for sports knife throwing
- Competition target
Introduction ………………………………………
Chapter 1. Types of knives for sports throwing and grip methods……………………
2.1. Construction of the lesson……………………………..
2.1.2 General developmental exercises…………………
2.1.3 Exercises for the muscles of the hands and fingers………………
2.1.4 Exercise for the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle…………
2.2. Special preparatory exercises………………
2.2.1 Exercises for the formation of speed and strength qualities………………………………………………………………..
2.2.2 Exercises to develop a stable throw…………
2.2.3 Exercises for voluntary muscle relaxation...
Chapter 3. Technical preparation………………………………..
- Basic racks………………………………………………………
- Exercises to form the correct alignment of the knife...
- Movement formation exercises………………..
- Formation of stability and throwing speed…………
- Formation of throwing accuracy……………………………
- Features of work at various distances…………..
Chapter 4. Moral-volitional and psychological preparation of the thrower……………………………………………………….
4.1. Moral and volitional preparation……………………………
4.2. Psychological preparation………………………….
Chapter 5. Tactical training………………………….
Conclusion………………………………………………..
Application
Competition rules……………………….
Literature ……………………………………………..
Where they throw There is nothing strange in the fact that such an eccentric sport was invented in the USA. America has given birth to many unusual competitions, but dung throwing, invented in Oklahoma, has taken root throughout the world. Currently, cow pat throwing championships are held in Canada, France, Belarus and many other countries.
How it started In the small town of Beaver, cow pats have been collected for a long time: they are known to burn well and therefore can serve as fuel. Local residents walked through the fields, hooked them onto a shovel and threw them into the back of a truck. From this useful activity a gambling sports competition was born.
Methodology The basic rule when throwing cow pats is that the projectiles must be the shape that nature and the cow gave them. Their aerodynamic properties cannot be specially improved. It happens that during the flight the cake breaks in half. In this case, the result is counted according to the piece that flew further. Today the record listed in the Guinness Book is 81 meters.
2 What they throw: tuna
Where they throw Do you love tuna as much as they do in Australia? It’s unlikely, if you’ve never held a ten-kilogram carcass of this fish in your hands - the main throwing projectile at the Tunarama festival, which takes place annually in the city of Port Lincoln at the end of January. The tuna throwing championship is the highlight of the festival.
How it started It is unlikely that conservationists will approve of such a sport, but in 1961, when local residents first swung a huge fish over their heads, no one thought about it. Even now, about 25 thousand spectators gather to watch this competition every year.
Methodology A ten-kilogram tuna is not the most convenient projectile in the world. Therefore, before being launched into flight, the tuna is frozen and tied with rope. The athlete spins the fish over his head and releases it using the principle of hammer throwing. The prize for the winner is 7 thousand Australian dollars. Tuna doesn't fly well, so the world record for throwing this fish is only 37.23 meters.
3 What is thrown: mobile phones
Where they throw All over the planet. The capital of mobile phone throwing is the city of Savonlinna in Finland. This sport was born there, and the world championships are held there. However, competitions of a lower rank are held throughout Europe - from Belarus and Estonia to Germany and Norway.
How it started Mobile phones were invented quite recently, so the sport associated with throwing them far away appeared only after people had time to become imbued with hatred for these devices, because of which everyone’s personal space was greatly infringed. It’s interesting that this sport was invented by the Finns, who produce perhaps the best phones in the world.
Methodology Any phones are sent for flight. You can come with your brand new smartphone and smash it to pieces, you can bring an old non-working bandura, and if you don’t have your own projectile, the organizers will provide you with an outdated model. Phones can be thrown by anyone and in any way. You can push from the shoulder, or freestyle. The main thing is to throw it away. The world record for men is 82 meters 55 centimeters.
4 What they throw: eggs
Where they throw The egg throwing championship is held annually in the English town of Swaton, Lincolnshire. Everything is serious in this sport. There is even an International Egg Throwing Federation (WETF).
How it started Egg throwing has attracted people for a long time, but only at the end of the last century it acquired the status of a sport, albeit a rather strange one. As WETF head Andy Dunlop said, “Egg throwing is an ancient art and therefore knows no national boundaries. It brings together the strongest athletes in their quest for excellence.” Now the federation is busy promoting its sport around the world.
Methodology Championship participants compete in five disciplines. You can throw for accuracy and distance, or you can take part in a static relay race: competitors must quickly pass twelve eggs to each other without damaging any of them. There is egg shooting from a special throwing machine, and in addition, there is the so-called Russian roulette, in which players break raw and hard-boiled eggs over their heads. The one who breaks the raw egg first loses.
5 What they throw: pies
Where they throw In the English county of Kent. This spectacular sport has recently been revived after a twenty-year hiatus, but is already gaining popularity and attracting crowds of spectators. Now teams not only from England, but also from other countries are fighting for the championship title.
How it started In 1968, a certain Mike Fitzgerald, in order to entertain the residents of his village, came up with the rules for the pie throwing championship. He forbade women from taking part in competitions, as he believed that the new sport would be too tough for them. Vanilla pie was chosen as the main projectile.
Methodology 31 teams take part in the championship. Players are provided with 2600 pies for throwing, and they have 40 seconds to fight. The distance is a little more than two and a half meters. Participants in fancy dress throw pies at each other, trying to hit each other as accurately as possible. 6 points are awarded for hitting the face, 3 points for hitting another part of the body, and 1 point for missing.
6 What they throw: dwarfs
Where they throw Australia gave this amazing and not entirely politically correct sport to the world. Indeed, on the most remote continent, life is so calm and boring that the inhabitants have to strain hard to entertain themselves. Following the Australians, this fun was picked up in Canada, the USA, Germany, and England. Now dwarf throwing is a favorite pastime of local bar patrons.
How it started Naturally, such a crazy idea came to the minds of bar visitors who desperately wanted spectacle. The most important thing here was to obtain the consent of the dwarf himself, but there were no problems with this - short people receive a fee for working as a projectile.
Methodology For throwing, mattresses are laid out on the floor of a bar or club. To avoid injury, the dwarf is tied with pillows and a helmet is placed on his head. The rules are extremely simple: any willing strongman picks up a dwarf and throws him forward onto the mats. Victory goes to the one who throws the baby further than others. The current record for this event is 9 meters 15 centimeters.
7 What they throw: pumpkin
Where they throw On the first weekend after Halloween in early November, a pumpkin throwing competition is held in the US state of Delaware.
How it started In 1986, four men were bored. And then a fresh thought came to their minds: why not throw pumpkins into the distance? This is how a competition was invented, which is always popular in the United States. Since then, every year the World Pumpkin Throwing Championships have been held in a field near Millsboro.
Methodology A pumpkin is not a mobile phone; picking it up is not so easy. According to the rules, the fruit must weigh from 3.6 to 4.6 kg, so special catapults and cannons are built for throwing. The principle of their operation can be very different, the main thing is not to use explosives. But “releasing” the pumpkin is only half the battle. Then you need to find it and measure the distance using GPS. Teams are given no more than three hours to do this. The record pumpkin flight distance is 1.4 km.
8 What they throw: knives
Where they throw Worldwide. Knife throwing has become one of the most popular sports in many different countries.
How it started Sports knife throwing is the most serious of all types of throwing. It is not done as a joke; it is a completely independent discipline in martial arts. Interestingly, it was the Russians who developed a set of rules for knife throwing. The first federation of this sport appeared in our country and the first major competitions were held.
Methodology A kitchen or pocket knife is not suitable for throwing. Special tools are used here that have a balanced center of gravity and no unnecessary wooden or plastic handle. The principle of throwing knives is simple and in many ways similar to darts: there is a target lined with circles; The winner is the player who scores the most points.
9 What they throw: rubber boots
Where they throw There are eleven countries in the international federation of this sport discipline.
How it started Boot throwing originated in Finland in the late 1970s. They say that in one Finnish village there lived an elderly couple who constantly argued. During one of the quarrels, the husband decided to leave home. The enraged wife began throwing one thing after another at him - as a result, the rubber boot landed on the neighbor's property. He decided to return someone else’s property, but did not agree: in a state of passion, the old woman’s powers multiplied. Since then, in Finland it has become a custom to throw boots as far as anyone can.
Methodology At competitions, men use regular size 43 rubber boots weighing from 880 grams to 1 kilogram, women use size 38 rubber boots weighing up to 750 grams. The throw must be made strictly in the wind, but whether it is a left or a right boot does not matter. The grip and throwing technique are arbitrary, the only rule is that the top of the boot cannot be folded or rolled up. The world record in this sport belongs to the Finns: Jukka Vesterinen threw his boot 67.31 meters, Eeva Isokorpi - 47.58 meters.
10 What they throw: felt boots
Where they throw Just recently, three years ago, a new sport was born in Russia - felt boot throwing. So far, the rules and subtleties of the new hobby are being honed in practice, but the prospects for this discipline are very good, given that felt boots are back in fashion.
How it started In Mezhdurechensk, a dispute between miners about who would throw their shoes further. So far, mostly miners are participating in the competition.
Methodology Felt boots are a very naughty projectile with unusual aerodynamics. In flight, these shoes behave completely unpredictably. The flight path of the felt boot has yet to be studied in practice, but for now the miners are testing various methods of throwing. With a strong swing, the felt boots can fall nearby, while with a smooth movement it can be sent further than forty meters. Now the record in this sport belongs to Vyacheslav Persikov from the Sibirginskaya mine: he threw his felt boots 50 meters.
Throwing a tennis ball at a target.
To throw a tennis ball at a target, a ball weighing 57 g is used.
A tennis ball is thrown at a target from a distance of 6 m into a gymnastic hoop with a diameter of 90 cm fixed on the wall. The lower edge of the hoop is at a height of 2 m from the floor.
The participant is given the right to complete five attempts. The number of hits in the area limited by the hoop is counted.
Error (the attempt is not counted):
- step behind the throwing line.
Throwing a ball and sports equipment.
For testing (test), a ball weighing 150 g and sports equipment weighing 500 g and 700 g are used.
Throwing a ball and sports equipment is carried out in a stadium or any flat area in a corridor 15 m wide. The length of the corridor is set depending on the preparedness of the participants.
Throwing is performed from a place or a direct run-up using the “from behind the back over the shoulder” method.
The participant makes three attempts. The best result counts. The measurement is taken from the throwing line to the landing point of the ball or sports equipment.
Participants of the II - IV stages of the complex throw a ball weighing 150 g, participants of the V - VII stages of the complex throw a sports equipment weighing 700 and 500 g.
Errors (the attempt is not counted):
- step behind the throwing line;
- the shell did not hit the “corridor”;
- the attempt was made without the command of the sports judge.
Ball (grenade) throwing technique
For a correct and accurate throw, proper holding of the projectile is necessary.
The grenade is held so that its handle rests with its base against the little finger, bent and pressed to the palm, and the remaining fingers tightly cover the grenade handle. In this case, the thumb can be located both along the axis of the grenade and across it (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Holding a grenade
The ball is held by the phalanges of the fingers of the throwing hand. Three fingers are placed as a lever behind the ball, while the little finger and thumb support the ball from the side (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Holding the ball
To teach the technique of holding and throwing a projectile, the following exercises are used sequentially:
- feet shoulder-width apart, body weight primarily on the front of the feet, hand with a small ball in front above the shoulder, bent at the elbow joint, free hand down. Imitation of a throw by consistent and continuous straightening of the arm forward and upward (8-10 times without a break). The hand then continues to move down, to the side, back and to the starting position;
- from the same starting position, throw a small ball to the floor and catch it after the rebound;
- the same, but throwing a small ball at a wall, and then at a target (a circle with a diameter of 1 m, located at a height of 2.5 m) from a distance of 3 -5 m (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Throwing the ball at the target
The purpose of these exercises is to master the movement of the arm in a whip-like jerk, learn to relax the muscles of the arm, accurately carry it over the shoulder and consistently straighten it forward and upward in the direction of the throw.
Standing ball throw
Throwing a grenade and a ball from a standing position should be started after the students have practiced and strengthened the muscular movements of the chest forward and the whip-like movements of the throwing arm with good support on the legs. These sensations are created using the following exercises:
- imitation of the final effort when throwing an apparatus, standing with your left side in the direction of throwing, your left leg is in front, holding with your right hand a rubber band (band, expander) attached at shoulder level to the gymnastic wall;
- throwing a small ball (medicine ball) at the wall from the starting position, sitting on a gymnastic bench: with both hands; one hand with a preliminary rotation of the body to the right;
- imitation of the final effort with the help of a partner (teacher), standing with the left side towards the throwing side, the left leg is in front, the foot is turned with the toe inward at an angle of 45°, the right leg is in a bent position. The teacher (partner), holding the student by the right hand, pushes him forward under the shoulder blade, makes him feel the muscles working in this position (Fig. 4);
- imitation of entering the “stretched bow” position. Standing with your left side to the gymnastics wall, with your right hand grab the bar from below at shoulder level, with your left hand in front of the bar with an overhand grip at shoulder level. Exit to the “stretched bow” position is accomplished through the efforts of the right leg, pelvic and torso muscles;
- standing with your right side at the gymnastics wall, with your right hand, with an underhand grip, grab the bars at shoulder level. Turning and straightening your right leg, pelvis forward and upward, turn to the left;
- throwing a projectile forward and upward. Standing with your left side towards the throwing side, bend your right leg, turn your torso to the right and rotate your shoulder axis.
Rice. 4. Imitate the final effort with a partner
Throwing a grenade (ball) from throwing steps
To practice this type of throws, it is advisable to perform the following exercises:
- throwing a grenade (ball) in one step. Place your left foot in the step position for throwing from a standing position, turning your torso in the direction of the throw to come to the “stretched bow” position;
- imitation of performing a cross step. Standing with your left side to the direction of the throw, the straightened right arm is pulled back and is at shoulder level. The body weight is on the right leg bent, the left leg is straightened and placed on a support at a distance of 2.5 - 3 feet from the right, and the left hand is in front of the chest. Make a slight jump from your left foot to your right, placing your left foot on the support;
- perform cross steps with your right foot, then put your left foot in the step position and throw a grenade or ball. The exercise is performed at the expense of the teacher;
- imitation of performing a cross step with the help of a teacher or experienced students. While performing this exercise, the student is held by the straightened right arm. This is done so that the legs overtake the body (Fig. 5);
- throwing projectiles from throwing steps at a target. The target is located at a distance of 10-12 m from the throwing line.
Rice. 5. Imitation of “crossing” steps with a partner
Technique for running up and retracting a grenade (ball)
Several options for performing throwing steps and methods for retracting the projectile are used. Let's look at them.
Option 1: throwing from 4 throwing steps with the grenade (ball) moving 2 steps in the “straight-back” manner
Option 2: throwing from 4 throwing steps with retraction of the projectile by 2 steps using the “up-and-back arc” method
Option 3: throwing from 4 throwing steps with the projectile moving 2 steps in the “forward-down-back” manner
Option 4: throwing from 5 throwing steps with the ball moving 3 steps in the “forward-down-back” manner.
The first option is more suitable for girls with great mobility in the shoulder joints. The most common option is the third. Learning how to retract a projectile should begin from the “standing still” position using the following exercises:
- imitation of projectile retraction for 2 walking steps. Participants, standing in a line, hold a grenade (ball) over their shoulder. The projectile is withdrawn 2 steps under the command of the teacher, and then independently;
- performing an imitation of retracting a grenade (ball) while walking and then running. Perform 2 steps - abduction and 2 steps - return;
- abducting the projectile by 2 steps using the “forward - down - back” method, followed by performing a cross step and a step with the left foot, i.e. performing 4 throwing steps in total and returning to the starting position before throwing without throwing and with throwing (Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. Retracting the ball (grenade) using the “forward-down-back” method
Technique of throwing a grenade (ball) from a full run
The following exercises are used for this:
- from the starting position, standing facing the direction of throwing, the left leg is in front, the projectile is above the shoulder, the left foot is approached and hits the control mark, in combination with the release of the grenade (ball);
- the same, but with the addition of a cross step;
- the same, but with the execution of throws, emphasizing the acceleration and rhythm of throwing steps after the control mark and paying attention to the coordination of movements of the legs, torso, and arms in the phase of performing the final effort.
The listed exercises are performed with 6 - 8 run-up steps, first at low speed, and then, as the correct movements are mastered, it is necessary to increase the length and speed of the run-up to the control mark. Run length - the path of running from the control mark in the opposite direction in relation to the throwing. In the starting position, before the run, the trainees stand with their left foot on the control mark, the grenade (ball) above the shoulder. The takeoff starts with the right foot. A mark is made where the foot is placed. By repeating runs, the length of the first part of the run is specified. Then the practitioners stand with their left foot on this mark, facing in the direction of throwing and take a run-up to the Whole. Correction of the run-up is carried out by repeated running-Mi without throwing and with throwing the projectile.
Zhilkin A.I. and others. Athletics: Textbook. aid for students higher ped. textbook establishments
Where they throw
There is nothing strange in the fact that such an eccentric sport was invented in the USA. America has given birth to many unusual competitions, but dung throwing, invented in Oklahoma, has taken root throughout the world. Currently, cow pat throwing championships are held in Canada, France, Belarus and many other countries.
How it started
In the small town of Beaver, cow pats have been collected for a long time: they are known to burn well and therefore can serve as fuel. Local residents walked through the fields, hooked them onto a shovel and threw them into the back of a truck. From this useful activity a gambling sports competition was born.
Methodology
The basic rule when throwing cow pats is that the projectiles must be the shape that nature and the cow gave them. Their aerodynamic properties cannot be specially improved. It happens that during the flight the cake breaks in half. In this case, the result is counted according to the piece that flew further. Today the record listed in the Guinness Book is 81 meters.
02. Tuna
Where they throw
Do you love tuna as much as they do in Australia? It’s unlikely, if you’ve never held a ten-kilogram carcass of this fish in your hands - the main throwing projectile at the Tunarama festival, which takes place annually in the city of Port Lincoln at the end of January. The tuna throwing championship is the highlight of the festival.
How it started
It is unlikely that conservationists will approve of such a sport, but in 1961, when local residents first swung a huge fish over their heads, no one thought about it. Even now, about 25 thousand spectators gather to watch this competition every year.
Methodology
A ten-kilogram tuna is not the most convenient projectile in the world. Therefore, before being launched into flight, the tuna is frozen and tied with rope. The athlete spins the fish over his head and releases it using the principle of hammer throwing. The prize for the winner is 7 thousand Australian dollars. Tuna doesn't fly well, so the world record for throwing this fish is only 37.23 meters.
03. Mobile phones
Where they throw
All over the planet. The capital of mobile phone throwing is the city of Savonlinna in Finland. This sport was born there, and the world championships are held there. However, competitions of a lower rank are held throughout Europe - from Belarus and Estonia to Germany and Norway.
How This began
Mobile phones were invented quite recently, so the sport associated with throwing them far away appeared only after people had time to become imbued with hatred for these devices, because of which everyone’s personal space was greatly infringed. It’s interesting that this sport was invented by the Finns, who produce perhaps the best phones in the world.
Methodology
Any phones are sent for flight. You can come with your brand new smartphone and smash it to pieces, you can bring an old non-working bandura, and if you don’t have your own projectile, the organizers will provide you with an outdated model. Phones can be thrown by anyone and in any way. The main thing is to throw it away. The world record for men is 82 meters 55 centimeters.
04. Eggs
Where throw
The egg throwing championship is held annually in the English town of Swaton, Lincolnshire. Everything is serious in this sport. There is even an International Egg Throwing Federation (WETF).
How This began
Egg throwing has attracted people for a long time, but only at the end of the last century it acquired the status of a sport, albeit a rather strange one. As WETF head Andy Dunlop said, “Egg throwing is an ancient art and therefore knows no national boundaries. It brings together the strongest athletes in their quest for excellence.” Now the federation is busy promoting its sport around the world.
Methodology
Championship participants compete in five disciplines. You can throw for accuracy and distance, or you can take part in a static relay race: competitors must quickly pass twelve eggs to each other without damaging any of them. There is egg shooting from a special throwing machine, and in addition, there is the so-called Russian roulette, in which players break raw and hard-boiled eggs over their heads. The one who breaks the raw egg first loses.
05. Pies
Where throw
In the English county of Kent. This spectacular sport has recently been revived after a twenty-year hiatus, but is already gaining popularity and attracting crowds of spectators. Now teams not only from England, but also from other countries are fighting for the championship title.
How This began
In 1968, a certain Mike Fitzgerald, in order to entertain the residents of his village, came up with the rules for the pie throwing championship. He forbade women from taking part in competitions, as he believed that the new sport would be too tough for them. Vanilla pie was chosen as the main projectile.
Methodology
Three dozen teams take part in the championship. Players are provided with 2600 pies for throwing, and they have 40 seconds to fight. The distance is a little more than two and a half meters. Participants throw pies at each other. 6 points are awarded for hitting the face, 3 points for hitting another part of the body, and 1 point for missing.
06. Dwarfs
Where throw
Australia gave this amazing and not entirely politically correct sport to the world. Indeed, on the most remote continent, life is so calm and boring that the inhabitants have to strain hard to entertain themselves. Following the Australians, this fun was picked up in Canada, the USA, Germany, and England. Now dwarf throwing is a favorite pastime of local bar patrons.
How This began
Naturally, such a crazy idea came to the minds of bar visitors who desperately wanted spectacle. The most important thing here was to obtain the consent of the dwarf himself, but there were no problems with this - short people receive a fee for working as a projectile.
Methodology
For throwing, mattresses are laid out on the floor of a bar or club. To avoid injury, the dwarf is tied with pillows and a helmet is placed on his head. The rules are extremely simple: any willing strongman picks up a dwarf and throws him forward onto the mats. Victory goes to the one who throws the baby further than others. Now the record in this event is 9 meters 15 centimeters.
07. Pumpkins
Where throw
On the first weekend after Halloween in early November, a pumpkin throwing competition is held in the US state of Delaware.
How This began
In 1986, four men were bored. And then a fresh thought came to their minds: why not throw pumpkins into the distance? This is how a competition was invented, which is always popular in the United States. Since then, every year the World Pumpkin Throwing Championships have been held in a field near Millsboro.
Methodology
A pumpkin is not a mobile phone; picking it up is not so easy. According to the rules, the fruit must weigh from 3.6 to 4.6 kg, so special catapults and cannons are built for throwing. The principle of their operation can be very different, the main thing is not to use explosives. But “releasing” the pumpkin is only half the battle. Then you need to find it and measure the distance using GPS. Teams are given no more than three hours to do this. The record pumpkin flight distance is 1.4 km.
08. Knives
Where throw
Worldwide. Knife throwing has become one of the most popular sports in many different countries.
How This began
Sports knife throwing is the most serious of all types of throwing. It is not done as a joke; it is a completely independent discipline in martial arts. Interestingly, it was the Russians who developed a set of rules for knife throwing. The first federation of this sport appeared in our country and the first major competitions were held.
Methodology
A kitchen or pocket knife is not suitable for throwing. Special tools are used here that have a balanced center of gravity and no unnecessary wooden or plastic handle. The principle of throwing knives is simple and in many ways similar to darts: there is a target lined with circles; The winner is the player who scores the most points.
09. Rubber boot
Where throw
There are eleven countries in the international federation of this sport discipline.
How This began
Boot throwing originated in Finland in the late 1970s. They say that in one Finnish village there lived an elderly couple who constantly argued. During one of the quarrels, the husband decided to leave home. The enraged wife began throwing one thing after another at him - as a result, the rubber boot landed on a neighbor's property. He decided to return someone else’s property, but did not agree: in a state of passion, the old woman’s powers multiplied. Since then, in Finland it has become a custom to throw boots as far as anyone can.
Methodology
At competitions, men use regular size 43 rubber boots weighing from 880 grams to 1 kilogram, women use size 38 rubber boots weighing up to 750 grams. The throw must be made strictly in the wind, but whether it is a left or a right boot does not matter. The grip and throwing technique are arbitrary, the only rule is that the top of the boot cannot be folded or rolled up. The world record in this sport belongs to the Finns: Jukka Vesterinen threw his boot 67.31 meters, Eeva Isokorpi - 47.58 meters.
10. Felt boots
Where they throw
Quite recently, three years ago, a new sport was born in Russia - felt boot throwing. So far, the rules and subtleties of the new hobby are being honed in practice, but the prospects for this discipline are very good, given that felt boots are back in fashion.
How it started
Methodology
Felt boots are a very naughty projectile with unusual aerodynamics. In flight, these shoes behave completely unpredictably. The flight path of the felt boot has yet to be studied in practice, but for now the miners are testing various methods of throwing. With a strong swing, the felt boots can fall nearby, while with a smooth movement it can be sent further than forty meters. Now the record in this sport belongs to Vyacheslav Persikov from the Sibirginskaya mine: he threw his felt boots 50 meters.
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Look at the sculptures of the ancient Greeks, at the frescoes of the Roman Empire, and even at the cave paintings of primitive tribes. Any similarities? All the ancients depicted warriors or hunters running with a spear raised to throw.
In the old days, the ability to throw a spear was equated with the ability to survive among almost all the tribes inhabiting the planet. Now it has lost its relevance, but throwing a ball is a mandatory skill for any person. After all, it is throwing that allows us to develop a feel for all muscle groups and learn to correctly distribute efforts.
Story
In ancient times, residents of different states (or rather even territories) were constantly at war with each other. Some defended themselves, while others, on the contrary, conquered new territories. Before the advent of gunpowder, all weapons were swords, pikes, spears and arrows. The strongest and fastest won. The one who hit the target more accurately, the one who could correctly assess his strength and escape from hand-to-hand combat in time by throwing a spear or pike. This skill was a direct path to survival and victory.
That is why in peacetime soldiers did not stop training. In order to evaluate their skills and compare them with the skills of other warriors, competitions were held in throwing spears and pikes. Most often these were competitions for throwing distance and accuracy of hitting the target. In modern conditions, athletes master throwing a ball at a target, not a weapon.
The winner was determined by the judges. And the throw distance was measured by the “foot”, because there was no metric system yet. The judge measured the distance the athlete threw the javelin with his feet. This was the most accurate measure.
To this day, track and field athletes compete in throwing the javelin, discus, and shot. All these sports are classified as athletics, even despite the significant dimensions of the shot putters. At the Olympics, more than one set of awards in this sport is awarded. But in order to learn to throw accurately and far, you need to practice a lot. We acquire our first skills at school, when we learn to throw a ball in physical education lessons.
Why learn throwing?
It would seem a simple task: throw the ball as far as possible, or hit a target that is at a considerable distance. But in practice, we are faced with the fact that only learning the technique of throwing a ball gives us results. Without training, the “simplest” thing that can happen is a dislocation or, after all, you need to understand how to coordinate the movements of your arms and legs in order to get a decent result. Therefore, throwing a ball almost in a playful way helps us better understand our body, learn to control it and, of course, strengthen the muscles: arms, legs, torso. This exercise is especially important for children. At the age of 9-10, a child already understands that coordination of movements is not an easy task.
Young people may experience throwing again as adults. True, this time there are grenades. The ball throwing technique is also suitable for grenades. The only difference is the holding of these projectiles and their weight. Of course, few can boast of such a rare skill as javelin throwing. But it won’t hurt anyone to impress friends and acquaintances with an accurate throw of the ball at the target and add a couple of points to your authority!
Athletics: Throwing
Throwing is an exercise for track and field athletes that requires “explosive” muscle effort (short-term, but with maximum tension). The goal of any throw is to move the player as far as possible from the athlete. Throwing a ball, and it all starts with it, helps develop strength, agility and speed of action. In addition, a person develops an understanding of the optimal balance of these efforts.
Despite its apparent simplicity, throwing is a rather complex exercise. When throwing the ball, you need to evaluate the speed and strength of the hands, correlate them with the run-up and understand at what moment you need to actually “let go” of the ball so that it flies far and the athlete remains standing (and does not fall, for example, or step over the line ). All this also allows us to develop an analysis of the most advantageous starting position, the speed of the take-off and swing, and finally, the determination of the point of application of maximum effort when throwing.
There are three types of throwing:
- Throwing a small ball, grenades, spears. These projectiles are lightweight. They are thrown from behind the head after a rapid run.
- Throwing various discs (the main distinguishing feature of the projectile is its weight). The discs are accelerated before the throw due to the rotation of the athlete's body.
- All sorts of things do not “throw”, but “push”. The cannonball is the heaviest projectile, so before pushing it, the athlete needs to make a “jump” (literally, jump up and push the cannonball off the shoulder at the highest point).
Throwing Basics
Modern athletics does not consider throwing projectiles at a target. Throwing a small ball at a distance is the primary exercise. The throw can be performed in any way: standing from behind the head, from behind the head with a running start, throwing out the projectile with spinning it, pushing from the shoulder. The throwing method is selected depending on the projectile (its size and weight). Based on the age and physiological characteristics of the athlete, sports equipment is selected.
At the very beginning of this sport, it is not recommended to use maximum force. The muscles and joints are not yet prepared and “do not know” the task, and this is fraught with dislocations and sprains. Learning the technique of throwing a ball begins with throwing at a target (accuracy). Gradually the task becomes more complicated, and range is added to accuracy. Later, with serious throwing practice, they move on to other heavier and more complex projectiles.
What to consider when throwing
So, what does flight range depend on? Experts identify four conditions that determine a successful throw: the speed of the projectile, the angle, the height of the point at which the projectile comes off the athlete, and air resistance.
Let's look at each factor in order. The initial speed is influenced by the force that the athlete applies at the moment of ejection. Next, the length of the ball’s path that it travels in the athlete’s hand. And finally, the time it takes to cover this path in the hand.
Accordingly, the longer the path and the shorter the time, the greater the speed of the ejected projectile. Throwing a ball from a running start involves the speed of the run itself, the rotation of the body and the jump of the thrower. At the end of the run, the thrower creates an “overtake” of the athlete with the projectile. For ball and javelin throwers, these are the last steps of acceleration, for discus throwers, overtaking is created while turning the body, and for shot putters the last seconds of the jump are important.
The take-off time can only be reduced by accelerating the thrower. Therefore, learning to throw a ball also includes training in running with acceleration. At the last step of the run, the athlete pushes the projectile not only forward, but also upward.
When throwing a ball, an important point is the angle of flight relative to the horizon. Knowledge of elementary geometry and the laws of trigonometry allows us to assert that the maximum range is achieved at an angle of departure of 45°. In practice, it is not possible to achieve such accuracy. Experienced and trained throwers push the projectile at an angle of 30-43°.
It should be noted that throwing a ball over a distance does not depend on the height and length of the athlete’s limbs. At first glance, it seems that the taller the athlete and the longer his arms, the farther the ball or javelin will fly. In practice, we are faced with the fact that height only affects the height of the take-off point, but with the correct throw, this characteristic will not significantly affect the final result.
The resistance of air masses is of the same unprincipled importance. Of course, air flow reduces flight time and speed. And that means the throwing range. But for such small objects as a ball, this is not significant. A correctly “launched” disk can, in general, be “picked up” by the air flow and can remain in the air for a fraction of a second longer.
In any case, the influence of the height of the departure point and the resistance of air masses is described in centimeters of flight range. In contrast to the take-off speed and projectile ejection angle.
Ball Throwing Basics
One of the primary skills that a person acquires is the ability to throw a ball and catch it. Even two-year-old children can cope with this task perfectly. Of course, children's ball game has nothing to do with throwing projectiles, but only emphasizes the importance of developing dexterity and accuracy.
The throwing ball must be held behind the head and slightly above its level. The elbow should not be higher than the shoulder, and the shoulder and forearm should form an angle of less than 90°. Professionals and their coaches claim that this position produces the most effective throw.
Run-up before throwing
The ball throwing technique involves a run-up length of 20 m. In practice, this distance varies slightly depending on the individual characteristics of the athlete. The run itself should be uniform, but with acceleration. The step is also important: light, springy (in no case should you run with your body tilted forward). In addition, during the run-up it is necessary to control the position of the pushing hand.
Conventionally dividing the run into two equal parts, we get the preparatory part - the athlete's actual speed gain, and the throwing part - preparation for throwing the projectile.
Coordination of movements is of great importance here. It is necessary to maintain the speed gained in the first part of the run, and at the same time place your throwing hand behind your back.
At the beginning of the run, the athlete rests on the front of the foot and slightly tilts the body forward. Before the final effort, you need to take several “throwing” steps and during this time move your hand with the projectile back. To make the task easier, a place is usually marked on the runway where you need to start moving your arm back.
How to correctly move your hand with a projectile
At the moment of the throw, the athlete's body should be slightly tilted back. Those. During throwing steps, it is necessary for the legs to literally overtake the arms. This is necessary in order to maximize the path of force applied to the ball. There are several known ways to move the arm back during the run.
During the lessons we easily master the simultaneous rotation of the shoulder in the direction of the throw while moving the arm back (also due to the movement of the shoulder joint). When we are interested in professional athletics, throwing a ball requires a search for more effective techniques.
The technology of “taking the ball straight back from the shoulder” is recognized as such. This wrist movement makes overall acceleration much easier and does not reduce speed. Another method, moving the arm forward-down-back, provides more opportunities to control the timing of arm movements relative to the center of gravity of the athlete's body. This method is considered the most dynamic.
Cross step
As already noted, take-off speed is an important component of a successful projectile throw. However, there is no need to achieve because this can cause muscle strain. Such muscle load will negatively affect the more important part of the throw - pushing the ball out.
The penultimate throwing step is considered the most important. It is this “cross step” that allows the energy of the run to be transferred to the arm with the projectile pulled back. In general, the last steps before throwing are designed to get into a comfortable position for pushing the projectile.
Having accelerated, the athlete must quickly push off with the foot of his left foot in order to create acceleration to move his right leg forward, carefully but quickly change the tilt of the body to a backward position and allow the legs to “overtake” the arms.
The “cross step” requires special attention from the thrower. It is necessary to monitor the consistency of all actions and movements. When performing a “cross step,” the athlete needs to land on his leg slightly open to the outside (up to 40°), while making sure that the hand with the apparatus is ready for a further throw. A slight rotation of the pelvis, which is explained by the specific positioning of the leg, will help to throw the ball correctly.
Actually, the starting position for the final effort can be described as follows: the athlete leans on a slightly bent right leg, the toe of which is turned outward; the body is turned with its left side in the direction of throwing the projectile, and the straight right arm is laid back. The left arm, on the contrary, is slightly bent at the elbow and is located near the chest. The straightened left leg touches the ground with the inside of the foot. It is very important that the axis of the shoulders and right arm form a straight line.
Throw
The release of the ball begins at the moment when the athlete extends his right leg at the knee. This movement allows you to move your pelvis forward and upward while your shoulders remain almost in place. The hand must be turned palm up, while rotating the arm at the shoulder and bending it at the elbow. All these movements allow you to maximally stretch the muscles of the right side of the torso, the front of the right thigh and right shoulder. The throwing position is called “drawn bow”.
At this moment, the athlete has already completely turned his chest forward, and the throwing arm moves forward, bending at the elbow joint. The hand and forearm remain behind the back. All the described body movements allow you to maximize the speed of the ball at the moment of its throw. At the same time, the left hand must be pulled back so that the inertia of this movement moves the body forward. When the elbow of the throwing arm is level with the ear, it is necessary to begin a sharp movement of the shoulders forward. Simultaneously with this movement, the athlete must straighten the elbow joint. When finishing the throw, the thrower should make a “whip-like” movement with his hand. Due to inertia, the body also turns to the right, increasing the duration of impact on the projectile.
Common mistakes
In order to achieve excellent results in throwing a ball, you need to train hard. And pay attention to common mistakes. There are few of them, a few pieces, but getting rid of them is the most important task. The roughest ones are deviation of the body to the left from the direction of throwing the ball and bending of the left leg at the knee at the moment of pushing out the projectile. This leads to an inevitable loss of the initial speed of the ball leaving the athlete’s hand.
In order not to step beyond the limit line, the athlete needs to suppress forward movement. By jumping from your left leg to your right, simultaneously bending it at the knee, you can cope with this task.
The technique of throwing a ball at a target is practically no different from throwing at a distance. But one more important skill is added: eye and accuracy in estimating the distance to the target. All this can also be “trained” and “rehearsed.” After all, nothing is impossible, everything depends on the desire and perseverance of a person.
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