Control in sports and its types. Technical means of monitoring the effectiveness of teaching and training

Indicators for checking the physical development of football players.

Let us now consider, using specific examples, control methods used in sports training.

Control in sports- this is, first of all, control over a person’s physical condition, his technical and tactical skills and loads during training sessions.

It is known that the physical condition of a person is characterized by the level of physique, state of health and the degree of development of motor functions. Therefore, monitoring physical condition essentially comes down to monitoring these three indicators.

Body composition can be assessed using various anthropometric instruments. The detailed methodology for such measurements is described quite fully in the guidelines for medical supervision. Let us only note here that physique indicators are especially informative for young (under 16-17 years old) and poorly trained football players. Using these groups of athletes, it is possible to trace how the level of physique changes under the influence of physical activity of different magnitude and nature. In adult qualified athletes, physique level indicators can indirectly indicate the degree of development of a person’s motor qualities. For example, absolute indicators of strength and strength endurance turn out to be greater in football players of large weight and height. At the same time, such athletes have less ability to perform work performed in purely aerobic conditions, etc.

Tests that assess the level of physique are used only for periodic (stage-by-stage) monitoring. It is inappropriate to use them as tests of current or operational control, since most of them practically do not change under the influence of one or a series of training sessions.

Currently, the following indicators are used to check the physical development of football players:

1) body length, 2) body weight, 3) leg length, 4) foot size, 5) fat mass, 6) muscle mass, 7) the ratio between fat and muscle mass.

Measuring these indicators is not difficult, and if the researcher is well prepared, it can be carried out within 5-7 minutes.

Information about the size of a football player’s body, and especially about the ratio of his fat and muscle components, can quite accurately indicate the predominance of energy production during work, the dynamics of adaptation to training loads, etc.

Only a doctor can assess your health status. His information is extremely important and the trainer must always take medical advice into account.

The degree of development of motor functions is externally manifested in the level of development of motor qualities, which can be measured by the result in a competitive exercise. However, taking into account that this result is also influenced by other types of athlete’s training (technical, volitional, etc.), and also that it is generally impossible to accurately measure the result in football, this method of assessment should be considered very approximate. Evaluation can also be made based on the result of performing any element of a competitive exercise. So, to measure the level of strength qualities of a football player, you can measure the force (or force gradient) at the moment of repulsion. Finally, the third way to assess the level of physical fitness is associated with the use of control exercises, i.e. tests. The main requirement is that the tests be technically very simple. Only then will the result in control exercises be determined by the level of development of motor qualities.

It is advisable to measure the level of development of a football player’s motor qualities using the following tests:

1. Running 15 m from the start - to assess the ability to start quickly (“starting” speed).

2. Running 15 m on the move - to assess the level of development of maximum speed capabilities (“distance” speed).

It is known that the relationship between the starting and distance speeds can be very different, but in general there is no dependence between them. This means that the player who has the best performance in the 15m sprint from the start may end up last in the 15m sprint from the start. In other words, one side of a football player’s speed abilities is well developed (the ability to start quickly), while the other is poorly developed. Therefore, in training sessions, by monitoring the speed capabilities of the players, the coach will be able to clearly determine in which direction it is necessary to continue working on improving such an important component of a football player’s preparedness as running speed.

3. Standing high jump, pushing off with both legs, to assess jumping ability.

4.Step test - to assess endurance.

To assess the same quality, tests such as maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) and maximum anaerobic capacity (MAC) are used.

Assessing the agility of football players using special tests is quite difficult. First of all, because it is difficult to find a test that would actually reproduce actual game situations.

For a very approximate assessment of what we conventionally call agility (or coordination abilities), we can use tests in which football players must, on assignment, reproduce certain values ​​of power, spatial and temporal characteristics of movement (for example, jump up to a height equal to 26-50% from the maximum, send the ball 10, 15, 20 m, etc.).

An athlete's technical skill can be assessed in several ways. The simplest of them is a visual assessment of movement technique (by eye). In some sports, this method remains the only one to this day. This is how technical skill is measured in football, gymnastics, acrobatics, figure skating and some other sports. However, the following indicators best indicate the technical skill of a football player (according to V.M. Zatsiorsky):

1. The volume of technique, or the number of actions (techniques) that an athlete can perform.

2. Versatility of the action, i.e., how varied the movements (techniques) used by the player are.

3. Efficiency of movement technique.

Equipment volume indicators are important for two reasons. Firstly, they are closely related to the level of development of motor qualities. This means that the more movements an athlete has, the stronger, faster and more resilient he is. Secondly, a large amount of equipment gives the athlete who owns it certain advantages over his opponent. He can win a fight by using a technique for which the opponent does not have a corresponding counter.

According to the proposal of Yu. A. Morozov, in football the volume of technique is assessed according to the following indicators: short and medium passes back and across the field, short passes forward, long passes, selection, interception, heading, shots on goal, free kicks and corner kicks. All these techniques are performed by football players in a game, and their number ranges from 600 to 1000. It is assumed that if a team performed 800-900 techniques during a game, then its activity was at a high level. Note, however, that in each specific case it is necessary to carefully analyze the components of this sum. It may turn out that the increase in volume was achieved through aimless and lengthy drawing. Therefore, in all cases, the shorthand analysis of the game must be complemented by a qualitative analysis of the coach.

The same can be said about such an indicator of technical skill as versatility of technology. This indicator characterizes the variety of motor skills. Let's assume that an athlete has a large amount of technique, but almost all the exercises he knows are monotonous. For example, only defensive techniques or only offensive techniques are used. In this case, it is very difficult to win a fight with an opponent with versatile technique. An athlete who can be said to be technically well-trained has, as a rule, not just a high level of motor qualities, but their harmonious development. In addition, during competitions such an athlete almost always “imposes” his tactics on his opponent, controlling his actions with a variety of responses.

One of the ways to evaluate effectiveness is to compare the sports result with the potential capabilities of the athlete. In this case, they are determined by the level of development of motor qualities. Usually the results in two exercises are compared: technically complex and technically simple, which require the manifestation of the same motor qualities. For example, the difference between the results in a 20-meter run and when performing the same run, but dribbling a ball, is assessed.

The most common way to assess the effectiveness of a technique in football is to calculate the efficiency coefficient (EC), which is calculated as the ratio of correctly (error-free) techniques performed to all techniques. Moreover, depending on the purposes of calculating the FE, it can be generalized or specific. The generalized FE is calculated immediately for all the techniques performed by the football player in the game. For example, F. Beckenbauer in the 1974 World Championship match performed 117 techniques during the game and only made a mistake in 7. Its generalized FE = 0.93. In the same game, the athlete made 33 dribbles and never made a mistake; 6 interceptions, two of which were errors. Partial EC: for dribbles = 1.0, for interceptions = 0.66.

Efficiency ratios for players of different roles are different. For defenders, a good EC is considered to be 0.85, for midfielders - 0.75-0.80, for forwards - 0.65-0.70.

After the athlete’s physical condition and his technical and tactical skills have been assessed, planning of training work can begin.

The development of science and technology makes it possible to ensure effective instrumental control over training in physical culture and sports. Including the opportunity to more effectively carry out selection, forecasting in sports and monitoring the effectiveness of training work. New technologies make it possible to increase the accuracy of instrumental control methods. In this regard, mention should be made of a variety of laser meters and analyzers of motor characteristics and processes occurring in the athlete’s body. This also needs to include digital photo and video recording, compatible via infrared ports and high-speed Bluetooth technologies with computers that have a large capacity of RAM and system memory, as well as compact storage media on CD, DVD, USB Flash. All this makes it possible to create large computer databases based on the collection of indicators of the body of athletes at different stages of their training.

Composition of the measuring system

Separate instruments, measuring units, and means of information transmission are combined into a single system. The latter should include sensors of various types (sensors, for example, Polar-type heart rate sensors), communication channels, a receiving (recording) device and an information processing unit (most often a computer, Fig. 2).

Rice. 2.

The measuring system often includes optical motion recording units. These blocks represent methods for remote and non-contact movement control. They serve the purpose of recording kinematic characteristics, including spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal parameters of movements. The results of photographing and/or video recording of movements are intended either for their visual study, or, as stated above, for kinematic analysis (registration of positions, poses, movements, velocities and accelerations). In the first case, the research results are presented in the form of photographs, videos, video clips, etc. In the second case, in combination with computer technology, it is possible to record motor characteristics and thereby carry out metrological control of the technical readiness of athletes. Digital photo and video equipment is currently widely used to solve practical problems. Devices of this type greatly simplify material processing, especially when using computer applications. After shooting a training or competition scene, the recorded image on a memory card or DVD of a device (photo or video camera) can be sent to a computer using a USB port, as well as an infrared or Bluetooth port. Positions, poses, movements can be subjected to detailed analysis using Adobe Photoshop. You can use Adobe Premier to create video clips of movement technique elements. For continuous monitoring of gaming activity in sports games (basketball, football, hockey, etc.), special systems are used, including several video cameras combined into a common circuit (for example, using an image capture card) using a computer.

The recording from a digital camera or video camera can be viewed after completing the exercise and a qualitative analysis can be made. At the same time, it is possible to observe movements using a video camera in real time (on-line). To do this, the camera is connected to a DVD player, and in the case when it is necessary to capture an image and record it on the computer’s hard drive, it is necessary to equip the computer with a video capture card. When working with analog video cameras, the installation must include an analog to digital signal converter. This problem is well solved by computer boards called TV-tuners, which easily fit on the “motherboard” of the computer. In this case, the athlete’s movement observed on the computer monitor can be “captured” (the “capture” option) and recorded on the hard drive for subsequent processing. This method can be used to record relatively slow movements characteristic of gymnastics, acrobatics, running, and sports games (that is, not throwing or striking actions). In this case, the efficiency of image capture and recording is determined by the power of the computer processor and its speed. Recording movements using video allows you to effectively evaluate movements over time. Digital devices allow you to record movements at speeds of more than 100 frames per second. Video recording of motion images is combined with the use of photoelectronic methods for their registration. With the help of photoelectronic devices in sports practice, the moments of the end of movements are accurately measured, for example, at the finish line of a speed run. These methods have low inertia and a high degree of accuracy.

CONTROL IN SPORTSThis is a means of obtaining information about
state of the sports training system
The purpose of control is optimization
preparation process and competitive
activities based on objective assessment 1
1)
various
parties
preparedness
athlete: (technical,
physical,
tactical,
psychological)
And
functional
opportunities
systems
athletes' bodies;
2) various aspects and conditions of the process

Main control tasks

Main control tasks
assessment of athletes' conditions;
assessment of their level of preparedness;
assessment of the implementation of sports plans
preparation (in terms of workload and support);
assessment of the performance of the competitive
activities;

Control requirements

Objectivity (reliability of the received
information does not depend on the controller);
Information content (getting the maximum
information at min. costs);
Validity (control result reflects
exactly the property we want
check and evaluate);
Accessibility (simplicity of the control procedure);
Control should be non-destructive.

types of control:

types of control:
staged (assessment of long-term
training effect (over a number of years,
macrocycle, period, stage);
current (assessment of current states
(a consequence of the load of a series of classes,
training or competition
microcycles);
operational (assessment of operational
condition, urgent reactions of the body
athlete under load during a separate
training session).

types of control:

types of control:
Input(preliminary)
control: baseline assessment
athletes' preparedness;
Final control: level assessment
athletes' preparedness
results of the work done for
a certain period of time
(results of main competitions)

Incoming inspection indicators are
source data for analyzing dynamics
changes in athletes' results.
By
results
final
control
individual cumulative
indicator of a particular athlete and his
rating score.

types of control: (by content and focus)

in-depth;
selective and local control;
depending on the means used and
methods: pedagogical (assessment of the level of technical, tactical and physical readiness,
features of performances in competitions,
dynamics of sports results);
socio-psychological (features
athlete's personality);
medical and biological;
comprehensive control.

Control of competitive activity

Identifies strengths and weaknesses
athletes' preparedness through
comparing the results obtained with
planned, as well as
shown earlier, and with the results
rivals.

Monitoring the level of athletes' preparedness

Monitoring the level of preparedness
athletes
In technical terms - volume and versatility
technique, the degree of its implementation in competitive
environment and resistance to disruptive factors.
Stage control shows changes in technology,
occurring due to the cumulative effect.
Current - changes in individual phases, parts
sports movement.
Operational - changes in technology (urgent reactions in
during one lesson)

10. In tactical terms, the quantitative and qualitative components of the tactical skill of athletes, as well as versatility, diet

In tactical terms, quantitative and
qualitative components of tactical
skills of athletes, as well as
versatility, rationality and
effectiveness of tactical actions.

11. Monitoring physical fitness

Assessment of the level of general physical fitness (required level
physical development and harmonious development
all physical qualities);
assessment of the level of development of special
physical qualities that define sports
result. (speed, strength, speed-strength, coordination qualities, flexibility,
endurance, explosive strength, etc.).

12. Monitoring the status of functional systems

Assessment of cardiovascular system, respiratory, central nervous system, musculoskeletal system,
sensory systems, metabolism, etc.;
Assessment of reserves of functional systems;
Identification of limiting links.

13. Psychologically

Psychologically
Assessment of personal and moral-volitional qualities that ensure
achieving high sports results in competitions;
stability of performance in competitions with the participation of opponents
highly qualified, the ability to show high results at
main competitions;
concentration of attention due to the specifics of the sport and
various competitive situations;
ability to control the level of arousal immediately before and during
during competitions (resistance to stressful situations);
degree of perception of movement parameters, ability to
psychological regulation of muscle coordination, perception and
information processing;
the possibility of analytical activity, sensorimotor reactions,
spatiotemporal anticipation,
ability to formulate proactive decisions in conditions
lack of time, etc.

14. Theoretical preparation

assessment of the level of specialized knowledge:
in the chosen sport (competition rules,
competition regulations, equipment features, etc.);
on organizing and conducting sports training,
psychophysiological reactions of athletes’ bodies to
loads associated with their training and competition
activities;
biomechanical characteristics of sports movements
etc.

15. Fig. 1 States of the athlete’s body and types of control in the management of sports training

Fig.1 Conditions of the athlete’s body and types of control in
sports training management

Lecture 9

Topic: “CONTROL and MANAGEMENT IN SPORTS TRAINING”

Plan:

Purpose, object and types of control

Physical fitness monitoring

Purpose, object and types of control

The effectiveness of the athlete’s training process in modern conditions is largely due to the use of means and methods of integrated control as a management tool that allows for feedback between the coach and the athlete and, on this basis, increasing the level of management decisions in the preparation of athletes.

The purpose of control is to optimize the process of training and competitive activity of athletes based on an objective assessment of various aspects of their preparedness and functional capabilities of the most important systems of the body. This goal is realized by solving a variety of particular problems related to assessing the conditions of athletes, their level of preparedness, the implementation of training plans, the effectiveness of competitive activities, etc.

Information that is the result of solving particular control problems is implemented in the process of making management decisions used to optimize the structure and content of the training process, as well as the competitive activity of athletes.

Object of control in sports is the content of the educational and training process, competitive activity, the state of various aspects of athletes’ preparedness (technical, physical, tactical, etc.), their performance, the capabilities of functional systems.

Types of control. In the theory and practice of sports, it is customary to distinguish the following types of control - stage-by-stage, current and operational, each of which is linked to the corresponding type of athletes’ conditions.

Stage control allows you to assess the athlete’s staged state, which is a consequence of the long-term training effect. Such states of an athlete are the result of long-term training over a number of years, a year, a macrocycle, a period or a stage.

Current control is aimed at assessing current states, i.e. those states that are a consequence of the loads of a series of classes, training or competitive microcycles.

Operational control provides for the assessment of operational states - urgent reactions of the athletes’ body to loads during individual training sessions and competitions.

Depending on the number of particular tasks and the volume of indicators included in the survey program, in-depth, selective and local control are distinguished.

Advanced Control is associated with the use of a wide range of indicators that allow a comprehensive assessment of the athlete’s preparedness, the effectiveness of competitive activity, and the quality of the educational and training process at the previous stage.

Electoral control is carried out using a group of indicators that allow assessing any aspect of preparedness or performance, competitive activity or the educational and training process.

Local control is based on the use of one or several indicators that allow one to assess relatively narrow aspects of motor function, the capabilities of individual functional systems, etc.

In-depth control is usually used in the practice of assessing the staged state, selective and local - current and operational.

Depending on the means and methods used, control can be of a pedagogical, socio-psychological and medical-biological nature.

In progress pedagogical control The level of technical, tactical and physical readiness, the characteristics of performance in competitions, the dynamics of sports results, the structure and content of the training process, etc. are assessed.

Socio-psychological control associated with the study of the personality traits of athletes, their mental state and preparedness, general microclimate and conditions of training and competitive activity, etc.

Medical and biological control provides for an assessment of the state of health, the capabilities of various functional systems, individual organs and mechanisms that bear the main load in training and competitive activities.

Currently, in the theory and methodology of sports training, in the practice of sports, it is realized

the need to use the entire variety of types, methods, and means of control in the aggregate, which ultimately led to the emergence of the concept of “integrated control.”

Under comprehensive control one should understand the parallel use of staged, current and operational types of control in the process of examining athletes, subject to the use of pedagogical, socio-psychological and medical-biological indicators for a comprehensive assessment of preparedness, the content of the educational and training process and the competitive activity of athletes.

Requirements for indicators used in control

Indicators used in the process of stage-by-stage, current and operational control must provide an objective assessment of the athlete’s condition, meet the age, gender, qualification characteristics of the contingent of subjects, the goals and objectives of a specific type of control.

In the process of each type of control, a very wide range of indicators can be used that characterize various aspects of athletes’ preparedness, if these indicators meet the listed requirements.

In complex control, the main ones are socio-psychological and medical-biological indicators. Pedagogical indicators characterize the level of technical and tactical readiness, stability of performance in competitions, the content of the educational and training process, etc. Social and psychological indicators characterize environmental conditions, the strength and mobility of the nervous processes of athletes, their ability to assimilate and process information, the state of analytical activity and etc. Medical and biological include anatomical, morphological, physiological, biochemical, biomechanical and other indicators.

The indicators used in the control process are divided into two groups.

Indicators of the first group characterize relatively stable traits that are transmitted genetically and change little during training. Indicators adequate to these characteristics are used primarily in stage-by-stage control when solving problems of selection and orientation at different stages of long-term training. Stable characteristics include the length of the body, the number of fibers of various types in the skeletal muscles, the type of nervous activity, the speed of some reflexes, etc.

Indicators of the second group characterize technical and tactical readiness, the level of development of individual physical qualities, mobility and efficiency of the main vital systems of the athletes’ body in various conditions of the educational and training process and competitive activity, etc., i.e., subject to significant pedagogical influence.

In relation to the conditions of each type of control, the indicators must meet the following requirements.

Compliance with the specifics of the sport. Taking into account the specific features of a sport is of paramount importance for the selection of indicators used in control, since achievements in different sports are determined by different functional systems and require strictly specific adaptive reactions due to the nature of competitive activity.

In sports and individual disciplines related to the manifestation of endurance (swimming, rowing, cycling, skiing, speed skating, middle and long distance running, etc.) and with objectively metrically measured results, indicators characterizing the state of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, metabolic processes, since thanks to the latter it is possible to most reliably assess the potential capabilities of athletes in achieving high sports results.

In speed-strength sports, where the main ability of an athlete is the ability to demonstrate short-term maximum neuromuscular tension (sprint running, athletics jumping and throwing, weightlifting, certain disciplines of cycling, speed skating, swimming, etc.), they are used as means of control. indicators characterizing the state of the neuromuscular system, central nervous system, speed-strength components of motor function, manifested in specific test exercises.

In sports where sporting achievements are largely determined by the activity of analyzers, the mobility of nervous processes that ensure accuracy and proportionality of movements in time and space (gymnastics, acrobatics, figure skating, diving, all types of sports games, shooting, etc.), in the control process, a wide range of indicators is used that characterize the accuracy of reproduction of temporal, spatial and power parameters of specific movements, the ability to process information and quickly make decisions,

elasticity of skeletal muscles, mobility in joints, coordination abilities, etc.

Compliance with the age and qualification characteristics of those involved. It is known that the structure and content of training and competitive activities are largely determined by the age and qualification characteristics of athletes. Consequently, the content of control should be built taking into account the age of athletes, as well as the level of their sports qualifications.

For example, when assessing the technical skill of young athletes with relatively low qualifications, they first of all evaluate the breadth and variety of mastered motor skills and the ability to master new movements. When assessing aerobic performance, one is guided by the power indicators of the aerobic energy supply system. When examining high-class adult athletes, other indicators come to the fore: when assessing technical skill - characteristics that make it possible to determine the athlete’s ability to demonstrate rational technique in extreme competition conditions, the resistance of the technique to confusing factors, its variability, etc.; when assessing aerobic performance - efficiency, mobility and stability in the activities of the aerobic energy supply system. At subsequent stages of preparation, the athlete’s ability to realize motor potential in a specific competitive environment becomes of paramount importance. Thus, at each stage of long-term improvement, various indicators that are adequate to the age characteristics and level of preparedness of the students should be used as control.

Correspondence to the direction of the training process. The state of preparedness and fitness of athletes changes significantly not only from stage to stage in the process of long-term preparation, but also in different periods of the training macrocycle. These changes largely depend on the direction of physical exercise, the nature of the training loads, etc. Experience shows that the most informative in the control process are indicators that meet the specifics of the training loads used at a given stage of preparation. So, if in sports where the success of competitive activity is ensured by the predominant development of speed-strength qualities (sprint distances in various sports, athletics jumping, throwing, etc.), athletes in some period of the annual cycle use cross-country running or other exercises to develop cardiovascular

vascular, respiratory and other systems that ensure high performance, then the purpose of control at this stage of training is to assess the relevant abilities of those involved and include indicators that are adequate to the training activity. In the competitive training period, when athletes are in a state of high special training, the most informative are the speed-strength indicators that correspond to the nature of the competitive activity.

The main criteria that determine the possibility of including certain indicators in the control program are their information content and reliability.

Information content An indicator is determined by how accurately it corresponds to the quality or property being assessed. There are two main ways to select indicators based on the criterion of information content. The first way involves choosing indicators based on knowledge of the factors that determine the level of manifestation of a given property or quality. This path may not always be implemented due to insufficient knowledge of these factors. The second way is based on finding statistically significant connections between an indicator and a criterion that has sufficient scientific justification. If the relationship between an indicator and a criterion is constant and strong, there is reason to consider this indicator as informative.

In the theory and practice of sports, both of these paths are used in organic unity. This allows you to select indicators for control based on establishing cause-and-effect relationships that reveal the mechanisms of the relationship of various indicators with the level of sports results, the structure of preparedness and competitive activity in a particular sport, and compliance with the requirements of mathematical statistics.

Reliability indicators are determined by the correspondence of the results of their use to real changes in the level of a particular quality or property in an athlete under the conditions of each type of control, as well as the stability of the results obtained from repeated use of indicators under the same conditions.

The higher the difference between the research results of different athletes or the same athlete in different functional states, and the closer the results recorded for the same athlete under constant conditions are located, the higher the reliability of the indicators used.

CONTROL OF STRENGTH QUALITIES

In sports practice, the level of development of maximum strength, speed strength and strength endurance is monitored. Strength qualities can be assessed under various modes of muscle work (dynamic, static), in specific and non-specific tests, with and without the use of measuring equipment. Along with the registration of absolute indicators, relative (taking into account the athlete’s body weight) indicators are also taken into account. In the process of control, it is necessary to ensure standardization of the mode of muscle work, starting positions, angles of flexion in joints, psychological attitudes and motivation.

Maximum Strength Estimation can most easily be done when working in static mode. For this purpose, various mechanical and strain gauge dynamographs and dynamometers are used, which allow selective assessment of the maximum strength of various muscle groups.

It should be noted, however, that static force is non-specific to the activity in most sports. Reflecting to a large extent the basic potential of this quality, static strength does not guarantee a high level of strength abilities in the process of performing special preparatory and competitive exercises. It is also important to know that when studying in a static mode, strength capabilities are assessed in relation to a certain point in the amplitude of movement, and these data cannot be transferred to its entire range. In this regard, measurements taken during dynamic muscle work are much more informative. However, much here depends on the method of force registration. In particular, the assessment of strength when performing dynamic movements with the maximum available weight suffers from a significant drawback. The resistance in this case is constant, since standard weights are used throughout the entire range of motion, although muscle strength due to the biomechanical characteristics of its various phases fluctuates significantly (Platonov, 1984; Green, 1991).

The accuracy of assessing strength qualities increases significantly when working in isokinetic mode. Currently, isokinetic simulators and diagnostic devices made on their basis are widely used in modern practice. For example, in recent years, for a comprehensive study of the strength capabilities of athletes, various diagnostic complexes have been widely used, the technical solutions of which are based on the results of both purely mechanical and anatomical and physiological experiments. The complexes consist of chairs with adjustable seat height and backrest tilt, and systems for attaching the torso and limbs, ensuring standard conditions when conducting research. The complexes are equipped with a system for regulating the amplitude and speed of movements (usually from 0 to 500 degrees" 1), and also include computer programs for processing factual material, analog and digital recording devices (Fig. 30.1).

The complexes make it possible to record isometric and dynamic strength at any point in the movement, the dynamics of the manifestation of force over the full amplitude of movements with different angular speeds of movement of body segments, as well as strength endurance during repeated performance of movements at different speeds. Force can be recorded when performing specified movements in different directions (flexion - extension, adduction - abduction).

When identifying an athlete's strength capabilities in different parts of a movement, the term "force curve" is commonly used. A force curve is a diagram of the resulting moment about an axis through a joint according to changes in the angle of the joint. At the same time, the choice of indicator for determining the power capabilities of an athlete (strength, N) or the resulting moment (Nm) depends on the equipment used, since it is known that both indicators provide reliable information about the power capabilities of a person (Hay, 1992).

The fundamental issue is the method of determining the angle of the joint to determine its shape at each specific moment of the exercise. Measurements of anatomical or included angles are used to indicate joint shape (Fig. 30.2). The chosen method for determining the joint angle determines the shape of the force graph, since the use of anatomical or included angles predetermines its opposite dynamics.

In Fig. 30.3-30.6 presents samples of registration of a number of indicators that reflect the strength potential of an athlete and registered using the Suvekh complex.

In addition to the general potential of the muscles that bear the main load when performing exercises characteristic of a particular sport, it is often advisable to establish the level of complex manifestation of strength capabilities in the process of performing strength exercises. As an example in Fig. 30.7 and 30.8 show the indicators of maximum traction force developed in swimming and rowing when performing specific work.

At speed force control use a force gradient, which is defined as the ratio of the maximum force exerted to the time it is achieved or as the time to reach the maximum level of muscle force (absolute gradient) or any given level of force, for example 50, 75% of the maximum level (relative gradient). Between athletes specializing in different sports, the differences in absolute gradient indicators are especially large (Kots, 1986; Hartmann, Tünnemann, 1988). Athletes performing in speed-strength sports have the highest absolute strength gradient. These indicators are quite high for sprinters specializing in cyclic sports, figure skaters, alpine skiers, and wrestlers. At the same time, athletes specializing in sports that require endurance are characterized by low absolute strength gradient indicators. When it comes to relative strength gradients, the differences are less pronounced (Sale, 1991).

In widespread sports practice, speed strength is most often measured by simple indirect methods - by the time an athlete performs a particular movement with a given resistance (usually 50, 75 or 100% of the maximum), the height of a standing jump, etc. At the same time, speed force is controlled often carried out in combination with the manifestation of speed and technical capabilities. An example is the indicators reflecting the effectiveness of the start (the time from the start signal to passing the 10-meter mark in swimming, the 30-meter mark in running, rowing, etc.); the time of performing integral motor acts that require high power capabilities (for example, throws in wrestling, etc.) (Platonov, Bulatova, 1992).

In the process of monitoring strength training, it is often necessary to differentiate the level of development starting And explosive force as forms of manifestation of speed force.

The ability to quickly develop strength, the level of development of which evaluates speed strength, is best determined with relatively small resistances - 40-50 % maximum power level. The duration of work should be very short - up to 50-80 ms, in order to reveal the ability of the muscles to quickly develop strength already at the beginning of the load. Therefore, the basis of tests for assessing speed strength are relatively simple and short-term loads characteristic of a particular sport - a punch in boxing, the initial phases of working arm movements in swimming or rowing, etc. Speed ​​strength is especially well assessed when working in an isokinetic mode at high angular velocity. In this case, the values ​​of the relative strength gradient are indicative - the time to reach 40-50% of the maximum level of muscle strength.

To monitor explosive strength, tests based on the holistic movements of a particular sport should be used - barbell snatch; dummy throw - in wrestling; a movement that imitates a stroke when working on a biokinetic bench, in swimming, etc. It is justified to evaluate explosive force using the absolute gradient of force.

Strength endurance It is advisable to evaluate when performing movements of an imitative nature, similar in form and features of the functioning of the neuromuscular system to competitive exercises, but with increased

Noah share of the power component. For cyclists, this means working on a bicycle ergometer with varying amounts of additional resistance to pedal rotation; for runners - running with additional resistance in a laboratory or at a stadium, running along a standard uphill route; for wrestlers - dummy throws in a given mode; for boxers - work on the bag, etc.

Improving the quality of control of strength endurance is facilitated by the use of strength training and diagnostic complexes specific to each sport, which make it possible to control strength qualities, taking into account the peculiarities of their manifestation in special training and competitive activities. For example, to diagnose the strength endurance of swimmers, the so-called biokinetic bench is often used, which allows you to perform movements simulating strokes under conditions of muscle work in an isokinetic mode (Sharp, Troup, Costill, 1982). To assess the strength endurance of rowers, spring-lever simulators with varying resistance are often used depending on the actual capabilities of the muscles in different phases of the amplitude of movement.

Strength endurance is assessed in various ways:

According to the duration of a given standard work;

Based on the total amount of work performed during the execution of the test program;

According to the ratio of the force impulse at the end of the work provided for by the corresponding test to its maximum level (Fig. 30.9, 30.10).

FLEXIBILITY CONTROL

Flexibility control is aimed at identifying the athlete’s ability to perform movements with a large amplitude.

Active flexibility control carried out by quantitatively assessing the ability of athletes to perform exercises with a large amplitude due to the activity of skeletal muscles. Passive flexibility characterized by the range of movements achieved using external forces (help from a partner, the use of weights, block devices, etc.). Passive flexibility indicators are always higher than active flexibility indicators (Fig. 30.11). The difference between active and passive flexibility reflects the amount of reserve for the development of active flexibility. Since flexibility depends not only on the anatomical characteristics of the joints, but also on the state of the athlete’s muscular system, the control process reveals an indicator of active flexibility deficiency as the difference in the values ​​of active and passive flexibility.

In sports practice, angular and linear measurements are used to determine joint mobility. During linear measurements, the results of control may be affected by the individual characteristics of the subjects, for example, the length of the arms or the width of the shoulders, which affect the results of measurements when bending forward or when performing a twist with a stick. Therefore, whenever possible, measures should be taken to eliminate this influence. For example, when performing a twist with a stick, it is effective to determine the flexibility index - an indicator of the ratio of grip width (cm) to shoulder width (cm). However, the need for this arises only when comparing the level of flexibility in athletes with different morphological characteristics.

Maximum range of motion of the athlete

can be measured by various methods: goniometric, optical, radiographic.

Goniometric method involves the use of a mechanical or electrical goniometer-goniometer, to one of the legs of which a protractor or potentiometer is attached. When determining the amplitude of movements, the legs of the goniometer are fixed on the longitudinal axes of the segments forming the joint.

Optical methods are associated with video recording of the movements of an athlete, on the joint points of whose body markers are attached. Processing the results of changes in the position of markers allows you to determine the amplitude of movements.

X-ray method can be used in cases where it is necessary to determine the anatomically permissible range of motion in a joint.

It should be recalled that an objective assessment of an athlete’s flexibility by determining mobility in individual joints is impossible, since high mobility in some joints may be accompanied by average or low mobility in others. Therefore, for a comprehensive study

flexibility, it is necessary to determine the range of motion in different joints (Hubley-Kozey, 1991).

Let us present the main methods used to assess mobility in various joints (Saigin, Yagomagi, 1983).

Mobility in the joints of the spinal column. It is usually determined by the degree of forward tilt of the torso. The athlete stands on a bench and leans forward as far as possible, without bending his legs at the knee joints. Mobility in the joints is assessed by the distance from the edge of the bench to the middle fingers (cm): if the fingers are higher than the edge of the bench, then the amount of mobility is insufficient; the lower the fingers, the higher the mobility in the joints of the spinal column (Fig. 30.12).

The mobility of the spinal column during lateral movements is judged by the difference between the distance from the floor to the middle finger of the hand when the athlete is in the main stance and when bending to the side to the limit.

To measure mobility during extension movements of the spinal column, the athlete bends as far back as possible from a starting standing position, with his feet shoulder-width apart. The distance between the sixth cervical and third lumbar vertebrae is measured.

Another method for determining mobility can be used when bending the torso forward (Fig. 30.13). The athlete sits on a gymnastic bench with his legs straightened without gripping with his hands. The torso and head are actively tilted forward and down. Using a goniometer, the angle between the vertical plane and the line connecting the iliac crest of the pelvis with the spinous process of the last (seventh) cervical vertebra is measured. Good mobility is noted when the athlete’s head touches the knees (angle of at least 150°); if the hands do not reach the ankle joints (angle less than 120°), mobility is poor.

Mobility V shoulder joint. The athlete sits on the floor with his back straight. Straight legs are extended forward (at the knees pressed to the floor). Straight arms are extended forward at shoulder height, palms facing inward. Another athlete, standing behind the subject, leans towards him and, taking his hands, moves them as far back as possible in a strictly horizontal plane. The subject should not bend his back or change the position of his palms. If his hands approach one another at a distance of 15 cm without much effort on the part of the assistant, it means that the athlete has average flexibility; if the arms touch or cross, it means that the amount of flexibility is above average.

In another method of assessing mobility in the shoulder joint, the athlete lies on his back on a gymnastic bench, with his head on the edge of the bench. The joined hands are lowered (passively - under their own weight) behind the head. The angle between the longitudinal axis of the shoulder and the horizontal plane is measured (Fig. 30.14). With good mobility, the elbows drop below the horizontal plane by 10-20°; with poor mobility, the arms are located horizontally or above the level of the bench.

Mobility in the ankle joint. To determine mobility when flexing the foot, the athlete sits on a bench, legs together, straightened at the knee joints, then bends the foot to the limit. If the foot is in a straight line with the shin (angle 180"), then flexibility is rated above average. The smaller this angle, the worse the mobility in the ankle joint; low mobility is noted when the angle between the longitudinal axis of the tibia and the axis of the foot is below 160" (Fig. 30.15).

For athletes of a number of specializations (for example, breaststroke swimming, ice hockey goalkeepers, freestyle wrestlers, etc.), the ability to rotate outward in the knee and hip joints is of great importance (Fig. 30.16). When rotating the knee joints, the athlete is in a kneeling position, heels together. By spreading the feet outward, which are in the position of dorsiflexion, he goes into a sitting position on the heels. The angle of passive rotation is measured, i.e. the angle between the axes of the feet (the line of the middle of the heel and the second toe). Good mobility is noted when the angle is 150° or more (visually: heels no higher than 3 cm from the floor); insufficient mobility - 90° or less (visually: the angle between the axes of the feet is less than straight). When rotating in the hip joints, the athlete lies on a gymnastic bench, legs straightened together, feet relaxed, then turns the feet outward as much as possible. The angle of active rotation between the axes of the feet is measured.

Good mobility is noted at an angle of 120° or more (visually: the second toe is at the level of the lower edge of the heel); poor mobility -

90 degrees and less (visually: the angle between the feet is less than a right angle).

Mobility in the joints can also be assessed during exercises aimed at developing flexibility. In this case, exercises can be both basic and special in nature. When using basic exercises, it is necessary to perform various movements (flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation) that require a high level of mobility in the joints (Fig. 30.17). Exercises should be varied in order to fully evaluate both active and passive flexibility. However, the use of exercises is of particular importance for assessing the level special flexibility, taking into account the close relationship between the level of mobility in the joints and the effectiveness of sports equipment, the ability to realize strength, speed qualities, and endurance coordination (Platonov, 1980; Shabir, 1983).

The specifics of each sport dictate the requirements for the selection of special exercises. For example, for sports and artistic

gymnastics, acrobatics, and diving, the following mobility indicators recorded when performing special exercises may be effective:

Angle of forward leaning from a sitting position;

The angle of lifting (holding) the leg forward and to the side;

The distance from the hand to the heel of the supporting leg when performing a gymnastic bridge on one leg, the other forward and upward.

When controlling flexibility, it should be taken into account that different sports and even different disciplines of the same type make different demands on mobility in certain joints. For example, the data in table 30.1 reflect the demands placed on joint mobility by various sports.

ENDURANCE CONTROL

Endurance control is carried out using a variety of tests, which can be specific and non-specific. Non-specific tests include physical activity that differs from competitive activity in the coordination structure of movements and the peculiarities of the functioning of supporting systems. Nonspecific tests are most often based on running or walking on a treadmill or pedaling on a bicycle ergometer.

Specific tests are based on performing work in which the coordination structure of movements and the activity of systems that support this work are as close as possible to the specifics of competitive activity. For this purpose, various combinations of special preparatory exercises are used (for example, dosed series of throws in wrestling, series of segments in running or rowing, sets of specific exercises in games, etc.). For runners, specific tests are based on the material of running on a treadmill, for cyclists - pedaling on a bicycle ergometer, for skiers - walking with poles on a treadmill, for swimmers - swimming in a hydrochannel.

1. 1 . Sports training means.

Sports training means are an organized process aimed at developing and improving the necessary sports qualities, the formation of the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities that determine the athlete’s readiness to achieve the highest results. With its help, daily training tasks (classes) are solved. If we talk about the health-improving orientation of classes, then in this case the means of sports training are designed to solve similar problems, with the exception of achieving the highest results.

All sports training means are divided into 4 main groups:

1. Pedagogical means (physical exercises, methodological and practical fundamentals of training, planning and organization of the lesson process, verbal/non-verbal methods of influence)

2. Psychological means (lectures, conversations, auto-training, reasoning, etc.)

3. Medical and biological means (pharmacology, massage, self-massage, bath, hydrotherapy, etc.)

4. Additional means (this group includes all factors that contribute to the success and continuity of the training process - logistics, hygiene, work and rest schedule, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, etc.)

The basis of any health-improving activity is physical exercise. They are usually understood as motor actions with the help of which the tasks of sports training are solved. The content of physical exercises (i.e., what they consist of) varies depending on the specific focus of the exercise, on the task of “launching” the necessary processes that should arise in the body in response to the use of certain exercises.

The effect of physical exercise (or in other words, the degree of impact on the body of those involved) depends on a number of factors. First of all, these are, of course, the individual characteristics of the body. It should be borne in mind that many sports characteristics have a pronounced hereditary nature. This largely explains the different degrees of “giftedness” in a particular sport. However, for recreational activities this indicator is not so important. It is much more important to form a stable motivation for the student to constantly engage in physical education. Since it is precisely this that plays perhaps the most important role in the success of classes, it determines the achievement of the maximum positive effect both in terms of mastering the exercises, and in terms of execution, and in terms of their further application.

The load should be selected based on the student’s level of physical fitness. Exercises are given according to the principle “from simple to complex” with a gradual increase in the level of complexity and intensity. You should definitely alternate between load and rest, sometimes even deviating from the lesson plan. If excessive fatigue is detected among those involved, it is advisable to increase the rest periods and slightly reduce the intensity of the load.

The effect of physical exercise also indirectly depends on the health status of those involved, on the balance of the diet, on the organization of work and rest, etc.

Since the basis of any motor activity is the movement itself, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on its characteristics. There are 7 main groups:

1. Spatial characteristics (this includes indicators such as body position in space, trajectory and amplitude of movement).

2. Temporal characteristics (duration and pace of exercise).

3. Spatio-temporal indicators (speed and acceleration)

4. Dynamic characteristics

4.1.Internal (muscle traction force, their elastic properties, reflection force).

4.2.External (body gravity, support reaction force, resistance force of the external environment.

5. Rhythmic characteristics (rhythm, tempo, frequency)

6. Qualitative characteristics (accuracy, economy, smoothness, aesthetics, etc.)

Classification of physical exercises.

Based on the structure of movements, there are 5 types of exercises:

1. Competitive exercises (they form the basis of sports activity; they can be actually competitive and training).

2. Special preparatory exercises (they are a means of special physical training; can be aimed at improving movement techniques or developing physical qualities).

3. General preparatory exercises (they are a means for general physical training and improvement of the body; due to their specificity, they are widely used in physical education classes in schools and universities).

4. Imitation exercises (serve as a means of improving movement technique)

5. Ideomotor exercises (exercises aimed at creating a mental representation of the structure of the movement, its technique in order to improve the quality of its reproduction).

Depending on the compliance of exercises with the requirements of competitive activity, exercises are divided into two groups:

1. Specific (used exclusively for a given sport)

2. Non-specific (borrowed from other sports in order to enhance the training effect).

1.2. Control in sports training.

Currently, opinions are periodically voiced that any attempts to assess the level of preparedness of students in physical education classes at school and at university should be excluded. This point of view is motivated by the fact that all children have different abilities, different levels of abilities, and those less prepared will suffer psychologically.

There are also opposing opinions, the authors of which propose to seriously complicate and tighten the list of mandatory standards for schoolchildren and students. This position is explained by the increasingly weaker sports results demonstrated by those involved.

First of all, you should understand the term “control” in the training process. It is most often understood as the process of assessing the effectiveness of the methods used by obtaining quantitative and qualitative data based on the results of a survey of students (trainees).

There are three main types of control in sports training: stage-by-stage, current and operational. Of course, control in the field of elite sports differs significantly from control in the process of recreational activities, since the goals and objectives of the training processes are completely different. However, the terminology of the types of control is identical.

Operational control is carried out during one lesson. Current control allows you to track dynamics throughout the month. Stage control covers significant time intervals and necessarily takes into account the initial, intermediate and final state of students. It is carried out once every six months or once a year.

One of the main forms of assessment in health-improving classes is testing, which should be understood as a test (measurement) conducted in order to identify the abilities and capabilities of students to perform a particular action (dynamic or static) in given conditions. For each test, a rating scale must be developed that takes into account the age of the student and the average scores based on it. If necessary, after some time, a retest can be carried out - repeated testing.

Control questions.

1. What are “sports training aids”?

2. What groups are sports training means divided into? What do they include?

3. What determines the effect of physical exercise?

4. What characteristics of physical activity do you know?

5. What types of exercises are distinguished based on the structure of the movement?

6. What groups are exercises divided into depending on their compliance with the requirements of competitive activity?

7. What is “control” in sports training?

8. What types of control do you know? What are the features of each of them?